The Importance of Math Skills In Manufacturing

The importance of mathematical skills is extremely evident in the field of manufacturing. In many cases, Jobs in manufacturing revolve around math and the skills that come along with It. Often the success of manufactured products depend on the correctness of several different fields of math that are used in the processes that take place in a plant. The financial success of a manufacturer can also often depend on mathematical skills.Between the quality of products and their production prices and all that goes along with creating a product, math is the center piece of manufacturing. In manufacturing, the quality of the products produced Is one aspect that really depends upon math. This is because measurements taken must be precisely taken or the product may be defective. Also calculations of quantities of something needing to be made have to be exact.This Is where the amount of profit made depends on mathematical skills, because if too much or to little of something is made It will hur t the profits made by that specific good. Because of this, whoever Is In charge of quantity in production must be good with taking in previous data and estimating hat's needed. Often times skills with conversions are also required because of the diversity of measurements that could field, which is very common, one must have be knowledgeable with decimals, because often very small measurements are used along with the machines' preciseness.Throughout the field of manufacturing, mathematical knowledge is an essential skill to have. It is crucial to be good with numbers and measurements if one wants to succeed in manufacturing. This comes into play throughout the field of manufacturing, because math is used so often in so many different instances for many different reasons during the process of The quality of the products produced rests on the correct measurements and calculations of what needs to cut or aligned or whatever the the case is.The prices of these products also often depends on math, because the right amount of goods have to be estimated or the price can be drastically affected, which can in turn have large affects on profits of the manufacturer. Truly, math skills will either make or break someone in the field of manufacturing, because it is so important to most Jobs in the field.

Illustration Essay

Tiffany Hope Illustration essay Why are Americans obsessed with reality TV? In today’s world, reality TV shows have the highest rating in network television. Reality television has certain qualities that can keep someone hooked. It has Americans going overboard to the point where they are becoming obsessed. Americans are obsessed with the drama, fame lifestyle, and publicity of reality TV. Drama, drama, and more drama, who doesn’t like some good drama? Americans are obsessed with TV drama. It is interesting to people to see someone backstab a friend and see how they resolve their issues. The TV show draws out these issues over a few episodes to keep the suspense. Doing this keeps Americas’ mind on edge. Some drama is funny, like people fighting. People are drawn to physical altercations. For some reason they seem to enjoy the fact that people are making a fool of them. Americans like the fact that the drama is on TV and not in their personal lives. That makes it more fun to watch. The lifestyle has Americas’ eyes glued to reality television. The people on these shows seem to have it all; the flashy clothes and jewelry. America loves the club life also. The clubs on TV show how much fun one can have. These TV shows often show the glitz and glamour of people’s lives to get America watching. Americans love to see people just live without a care. They buy whatever they want no matter how much it cost. These are some rich and fancy lifestyles that everyone wouldn’t mind having. Americans love publicity. People go on these shows so their face can be seen and show off. They love the attention; and the fact that cameras follow their every move. Reality TV is the quickest way to fame. A lot of people seem to love the idea of quick fame. But people should be careful because there are two kinds of publicity; good and bad. The fame lifestyle, publicity, and drama have Americans obsessed with reality TV. This is how they get their ratings. Reality TV makes shows that draw in people. It interests them. The main obsession is the drama. No one wants drama in their lives, but this keeps Americans watching and coming back for more.

The Role of Sports in Popular Culture

The Role of Sports in Popular Culture In 1972, President Richard Nixon signed Title XI of the Education Amendments (1972). This law simple states, â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation, in be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. † (United States Department of Justice, Section 1681, 2013).In this assignment, Team B will address the issues of gender equality in sports. First, we will provide a brief history and its current state. Next, we will construct an argument about the influence the issue has on sports, its fans, athletes, and imagined communities. Following this, the team will make recommendations about how to consume and participate in sports responsibly, whether watching or playing. Gender Equality in Sports Gender equality in sports has a long and bittersweet history.This history is riddled with discrimination an d division of female athletes from elementary schools, high schools, collegiate, and the professional level. Nevertheless, there have been major accomplishments by female athletes. For example, in 1932 an American, Helene Madison was the first woman in the Olympics to swim 100 yards under a minute. In 1958, the Italian, Maria-Teresa became the first woman to compete in the European Grand Prix.A Moroccan woman named Nawal El Moutawakel became the first woman to win an Olympic medal in the 400-meter hurdles in the 1984 Olympics. Finally, Tegla Loroupe was the first Kenyan to win a marathon in 1994. Today, gender equality in sports has more to do with equal pay, media coverage, and promoting a female athlete as a part time model. The discrimination still exists because it denies the female athlete’s ability, talent, and skills and focuses on them as a sexy object.Case in point, Danica Patrick the first woman to win an IndyCar Series is often depicted as a swimsuit model rather t han a professional racecar driver. Nevertheless, the history of woman in sports will continue to thrived and achieve major accomplishments. Reference Title XI of the Education Amendments of 1972. (2013). Title XI of the Education Amendments of 1972. Retrieved from http://www. justice. gov/crt/about/cor/coord/ixlegal. php#I. Overview of Title IX: Interplay with Title VI, Section 504, Title VII, and the Fourteenth Amendment

Human Services Program and Profession SEMINAR UNIT 6 Research Paper

Human Services Program and Profession SEMINAR UNIT 6 - Research Paper Example Basically the service offered should be tailor-made depending on the student background so that student develop the qualities that make him more resourceful, intelligent, understanding and he get connected to group and enjoy life and the process of learning. The diverse culture makes it difficult to treat the child in the same manner while rendering human service. Children form one community, culture tend to be more close with similar culture and avoid other groups which later might result in conflicts. It would result in group within the group. The challenge is to make children open minded. It is necessary to understand the psychology of child which generally is founded on diverse culture base. The language used communication methods also differ based on the background of diverse culture. Skills also differ depending on the cultural background. Health, nutrition condition also differ resulting in different characters, attitude and personality. What are three careers in the field of human services working with children, adolescents, and their families? Give some background on the positions you discuss including some of the training and skills needed for the positions. Would you be interested in pursuing any of the careers you listed? Why or why not? 3 careers in the field of human service are Counsellor, Social service Assistant and Childcare Worker. As Counsellor it is necessary to study the background of the child and family. In career counselling it is necessary to know the tradition and skills of family .Important aspect is child skill. As Social service assistant basically it is necessary to provide food, mental healthcare including adoption of child and to take all the needed measures to make the child pursue the career which interests the child so that child can make maximum contribution. As Child care worker the responsibilities would be to feed, ensure safety and make child to

Cahuilla Tribe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cahuilla Tribe - Essay Example However there was a continuous fall in the number of the neophytes and there was a decline in the power of the mission due to this, more over due to the reason that the Mexican government was taken over by the Spanish government. The situation of the Indians deteriorated even more due to the transfer of the country to United States of America and with the discovery of gold in the country in 1848 caused immigrants to rush to the country which had a negative effect on the Indians, even the states that had not been reached by the Spaniards were effected. Since this period the history of Indian of United States had changed completely and they had faced termination and depravity. Though reservations were made for almost all tribes, most of the survivors still live all around the country on land that they have bought or as squatters. As a result of ethnological investigation rather than the facts recognized by them, the tribal concept in most of the areas of the country is the one that is imposed on them. Rather than a ceremonial or governmental base it has a dialectic base; however this is the best option unless each village group is treated as a tribe which is not a practical alternative. From an ordinary point of view it is to be understood as to what constitutes a tribe, the method that is used as of now is highly artificial. Under such situation it is not quite suitable to follow a strictly alphabetic system, in order to enter tribes that were defined by their names under more widespread names as part of bigger groups and their names, they got certified names such as Norther, Yuki, and Paiute rather than the names Coast Yuki and Norther Paiute. Several Indian tribes have settled in the state of California, one such tribe is the Cahuilla tribe. This tribe has occupied California for the last 2000 years. They inhabit an area of around 2400 square miles. The long-established territory of Cahuilla was close to the geographic center of the South of California. The area occupied by the Cahuilla tribe was bounded to the south by the Chocolate Mountains and the Borrego Springs and bounded to the north by San Bernardino Mountains, to the west by the San Jacinto Plain, and finally to the east by the Palomar Mountains. Historians believe that a huge water body which is now called Lake Cahuilla existed when the Cahuillas first moved to the Coachella Valley. However, this lake which was formed by the Colorado River dried sometime before the 1700, because of the shifts in the course of the river. Later, in the year 1905 a much smaller lake called Salton Sea was created in the same place due to a break in a levee. Anthropologists have historically divided the Cahuilla into Pass, Mountain, and Desert groups. Bands of Cahuilla people have situated in Riverside, San Diego, and Imperial counties have acknowledged homes to nine Southern California Reservations. Many Cahuillas have married non-Cahuillas. Many of the Cahuillas today have a mixed history, particularly African American and Spanish. Yet there are people who have grown up in the tribe's way and those who recognize with the Cahuillian culture can qualify for an official membership to the tribe according to the internal rules of the tribe. Like most other tribes, the Cahuillas lived on agriculture by using native plants. One such tree which was harvested by the Cahuilla is the California Fan

Issues in Learning and Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issues in Learning and Teaching - Essay Example Looking at marginalized ideologies of knowledge and learning also creates a deeper understanding of what it means to receive an education. The main concept of recognition of education is one that is formed by perception of what it means to have information and knowledge. In the Western form of knowledge, there is a perception that knowledge comes from a textbook, school system and the ability to move through this system with points or grades. This one method for achieving knowledge in the culture is what determines what an individual does and how they associate with society. Furthermore, it changes the information that one decides to live their life from, as opposed to create their own career or belief system about knowledge. The consciousness that is given from the school system then becomes what forms an individual, their interpretations and the perceptions that they hold for a life time. The result is a sense of understanding and maintaining the environment according to the school system and the conscious beliefs that have formed from the information and knowledge one has received from this particular institution (Davis, Sumara, Kapler, 2007). The concept of perception for education and information becomes complex because of others that have not received the same format for education or which come from a different cultural context. For instance, indigenous cultures that aren’t brought through the system have a perception of the institution as one which limits the way in which one thinks. The natural beliefs that one has who has received a formal education, as opposed to a culture that believes and lives in an alternative way then transforms and changes the approach which one has in relation to information. The basis of this comes from contextuality, which is what shapes the individual’s life, specifically through mental and social beliefs as well as assumptions and desires that are formed from this. The context created with cultural affiliation s, school systems and information is what leads one to believe that something is normal or expected. Outside of this is a transformation that has to occur to create the right approach. This belief then forms the state of nature. For one that has been through a school system is a state of nature that comes from the ideas learned in this format. For one who has experienced the indigenous culture is a different state of nature that forms and creates the necessary perceptions. The importance of this concept is based on the gap which forms between the two cultures in relating to the informational aspects when working with a specific group (Henderson, 2000). There is an important notice in the concept of information and learning that occurs between the systems and cultural differences which occur. When looking at this perspective from a specific viewpoint, one can note that there is the inability to relate to different cultures and not to understand what the other is going through. The pe rsonal experience of going through a school system causes definitions and beliefs to form around an indigenous culture. If there is an unawareness that this is occurring, then it may lead to other problems with how one interacts with

Maintaining the Flow of Global E-Commerce Data (Case 2) Case Study

Maintaining the Flow of Global E-Commerce Data ( 2) - Case Study Example On the contrary, philosophy in the United States identifies a level of freedom. There is no government regulation on data privacy and the regulation responsibility relies on individual organization. Even though government agencies act as watchdogs for self-regulation, there is no formal framework for punishing non-compliance. The main difference, therefore, is that while the European Union has a regulated environment for data flow, the United States lacks such a regulated environment. E-commerce relies on technology such as the internet for transmission of data from parties to a commercial communication or transaction. The European Union regulations for data privacy restricts transfer of data to regions that lack a formal regulatory framework on data privacy buy the safe harbor eliminates this rule on the United States. The exemption applies to organizations that meets the Union’s requirements for data safety and allows free transfer of data. The implication of the safe harbor and data privacy is therefore a facilitated E-business because of free transfer of data from the European Union to the United States. Absence of free harbor would prohibit such data transfer and stop E-commerce between the United States and the EU and between organizations in the United States and their subsidiaries in the EU (Morgan and Boardman 217). Conventions such as the establishment of the directive by EU to establish standards for data privacy are legal regulations and binds member states. If the EU and the United States could not agree on the standards then the EU regulations would prohibit data flow to the United States. This would stop E-commerce between the United States and members of the EU because parties in the United States would not receive data from entities from the European Union. The communication barrier would paralyze E-commerce between people from the two regions. This would further have adverse effects on the two economies.

Key trends in the financial services market Essay

Key trends in the financial services market - Essay Example The Harpenden Building society offers a range of financial services from primarily savings accounts and mortgages to business banking solutions.( Harpenden Building Society. 2010) This paper will examine a number of questions surrounding the performance of the Harpenden building society and some key trends in the banking and financial services market, as well as how the building society differs from traditional banks in the market, opportunities and threats facing the bank, a closer look at the success of the bank and how the society can succeed from a marketing standpoint. There are several key trends in the financial services market. One of the latest trends that is gripping the financial industry like a bruding storm is the level and impact of the global interest rate. ``As interest rates are expected to rise globally, albeit slowly, and current steep yield curves may soon flatten, such risks may materialise surrounding the performance   in the near future. At the same time, wea knesses in the banking sector still exist, especially for some segments of the European banking sector. While the effects of changes in interest rates and their structure on financial institutions differ, recent changes in asset and funding structures of banks make them generally more vulnerable to a changing interest rate environment. Currency risk exposure has also grown, and regional concentration may pose specific risks. An unravelling of carry trades will have a negative effect on some institutions.`` (OECD.2009)

Clinical Decision-making in complex care i.e Identify a clinicaL Essay

Clinical Decision-making in complex care i.e Identify a clinicaL decision that you have been involved in - Essay Example The family had a hard time to decide on the removal of life-support systems and the changeover to palliative sedation. The nurse manager advised me to empower the family to make the decision required of them. When I told her that I had never before handled this situation, she advised me on how to do it and convinced me that I would be able to achieve the target and that my few years of experience were sufficient. My feelings The message that I received today was that this situation was a common occurrence and I had to be prepared. I was feeling unhappy that I was not competent enough to handle the situation. It was the nurse’s duty to empower the family in times of crises. With the intention of redeeming myself, I needed to use evidence-informed decision-making in this frequently occurring situation in my practice (Brown et al, 2009). This day had been conducive to my learning a new experience which had stimulated me to further my comprehension of bioethics and empowerment of family members of end-of-life patients. Evaluation This often-occurring situation in the nursing profession and its solution was revealed to me today. That I needed to learn much more to become competent was another revelation. Both of these appeared good to me as I could learn from experience. Another good thing was that I had the support of my seniors. The fact that I was not confident enough to handle this crisis was the bad part but I take this as an opportunity to think positively and find ways to solve this problem so that I am equipped to cope with it at any moment in my profession. Analysis Clinical decision-making could also be termed clinical reasoning, judgment, inference or diagnostic reasoning (Hardy and Smith, 2008). Clinical decision-making could be defined as the process of making an informed judgment over the treatment necessary for patients. Intuition as a form of reasoning had been associated with clinical decision-making (Nyatanga and De Vocht, 2008). Clinical de cision is a type of informal decision-making that combines clinical expertise, patient concerns, and evidence gathered from scientific literature to arrive at a diagnosis and treatment recommendation. Participants, process, an outcome and setting formed a major portion of the nurses’ clinical decisions (Gurbutt, 2006). Clinical reasoning was the process by which the judgments were made. The judgments were difficult propositions and could be managed only if the nurse could understand the salient details and difficulties of a situation (Tanner, 2006). She should also be able to interpret and respond accordingly. In today’s situation, I should have been able to understand the illness and end-of-life experiences of the family when I reached my station, much before the actual situation arose. Their emotional strengths, physical health, social well-being and coping mechanisms should have been gauged before the crisis (Tanner, 2006). Clinical decision-making affected the qual ity of care for the patient and his safety. In fact it had been described as the essential component for professional nursing care (White, 2003 in Hagbaghery, 2004). The resolution of family conflicts and the provision of information on care provider services were also a part of the decision-making. The decision- making performance of the nurse and her capability of reaching heights were hindered by various interruptions expected in a hospital atmosphere (Ebright et

The Market Business Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Market Business Questions - Essay Example According to the article, the price of eggs has more than tripled and this may have a similar effect on the prices of biscuits. The market for biscuits will be affected in the sense that high prices caused by an increase in the cost of an input will increase the price of biscuits. The demand for biscuits will fall drastically given the fact consumers are price conscious. According to the rule of demand, customers are willing to buy more at fewer prices and buy less at higher prices. This is illustrated by the diagram below: P D P2 P1 D Q2 Q1 Q The sale of biscuits will no longer be lucrative because businesses will be recording low sales volumes. This will result in most of the business closing down such lines of businesses or resort to importing biscuits produced outside the British market. This can be explained by the fact that foreign biscuits are produced cheaply hence less expensive. Textbook economic theory would agree with the statement â€Å"it is no longer about price, it i s about supply.† According to the law of supply, all other factors being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of goods or services offered by suppliers increases and vice versa (Altman, 2004, p. 39). Suppliers will be more willing to supply eggs given that they fetch very high prices in the market. This is to maximize profits from the supply of eggs. This is explained in the diagram below: P P2 S P1 S Q1 Q2 Q Q2. A mixed economy is characterized by the presence of both public and private institutions. The two institutions are involved in addressing the needs of consumers and solving economic challenges that may exist in the market. Consumer needs and demands can be addressed adequately when the institutions utilize existing opportunities in making goods and services available in the market. According to principles of economics, scarcity refers to a situation whereby the available resources in an economy are not adequate to meet the needs of the econ omy. This results in consumers having some of their needs unsatisfied. Depending on the demands of consumers, the government has the responsibility of analyzing and determining their level of importance in improving the welfare of the consumers. The government also determines the appropriate procedures to be used in addressing such needs. Opportunity cost can be defined as the cost of a foregone alternative. For instance, the concept opportunity is best illustrated in a situation whereby someone decides to become an entrepreneur after completing college. In such a case, the person gives up the chance of getting fulltime employment and the opportunity cost of his decision to become an entrepreneur is the monthly income and allowances attached to the fulltime job. The two concepts of scarcity and opportunity cost are very important to the government given that the government collects revenues and uses them in running the economy. The government has the responsibility of making sure th at the economy is running smoothly by spending its revenue on essential projects. Government spending should be influenced by a number of factors such as challenges, costs and benefits of such projects. The government needs to develop a list of all the projects it intends to put in place and determine their relevance to the economy (Cassel, 2002, p. 122). This means that the governme

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 19

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Majority of these stores are found in America, and the number is 12,218 stores. China is also a lucrative market for Starbucks, and the company has opened 1,330 stores. Starbucks offers products such as cold or hot beverage, coffee, pastries, snacks, etc (Pahl, 2008). This means that the company has diversified, and this is through the many services it offers. Initially, the main reason for the formation of Starbucks was to sale the coffee drink (Simon, 2009). This diversification strategy of Starbucks is also seen when the company decided to offer wines, beer and appetizers. The target markets of these products are people who want to relax in the evenings. Pahl (2008) explains that some of the products of Starbucks are found within a particular location, and this is mainly because it offers some services and products at specific seasons. These products have also been designed, to serve a specific market. Starbucks does not only sale its coffee, in its stores, but it also sales them at various retailing organizations, and grocery stores (Pahl, 2008). Through this strategy, it is the intention of Starbucks to reach a large market base. Organizational culture is generally the unique combination of values, norms, morals, beliefs, and techniques or ways of behavior that characterizes the way individuals or large groups of individuals combine to have things done in an organization (Gurski, 2013). Schultz & Gordon (2011) explains that organizational culture is the norms and activities that people are able to engage with, within the organization. Through this definition, we are able to know that organizational culture is the internal environment of an organization, which regulates then manner which people within the organization are able to interact with one another, and other stakeholders of then organization (Michelli, 2007). Culture is very important in every company, for example

Applying Risk Management Essay Example for Free

Applying Risk Management Essay Risk management is an important element in managing information systems. Applying risk management principals to business procedures is essential because it helps organizations design and maintain a safe systems environment to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of company data. Kudler Fine Foods has expressed an interest in developing an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. The primary objective is to improve business administration by integrating stores and business systems. Kudler Fine Foods has three stores in California and integrating business functions across all stores would be extremely beneficial. This paper will outline the major factors and benefits by applying risk management principles to ensure a secure and effective system. Risk Management Principles According to Whitman and Mattord (2010), risk management is a collaborative effort involving Information security, information technology, management, and users. It is important to involve all of these areas to devise a comprehensive and effective risk management strategy. The major principles include identifying risks, quantifying risks, plan for risks, and monitor and manage risks. The first stage is risk identification. This is when the organizations managers identifies all of its assets and classifies them into meaningful categories in addition to prioritizing them by importance. Assets include various components such as people, processes, data, and all elements of information technology. Gathering information on assets such as the people aspect processes, and data could be challenging because they are not always documented and readily available. The information gathered for people may include position titles, the title of his or her supervisor, security levels, and skills. Information collected  for processes may include procedure description, purpose, IT connections, document storage location for reference and updates. After listing out the assets, the next step is to classify them into categories such as people, data, software, and hardware and then classify each asset into sub-categories such as confidential, internal, and public. Applying value or impact to each asset is next by determining its criticality to the business. Questions that may help to assigning a value may include; Which assets generates the highest profitability?, or Which asset would impede business functions if it were compromised? Quantifying risks provides the framework for executives to make informed decisions in relation to cost and resources surrounding security. All of the steps outlined above is essential in the risk identification stage (Whitm an and Mattord, 2010). After completing the risk identification process where all assets are identified and classified, the next phase is to determine the potential threat source and potential vulnerability. Some common threat sources include natural threats, human threats, and environmental threats. According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (2002), a threat is an exploitation of a vulnerability caused by a threat source. The NIST publication suggests the following: identifying a threat source, indicating the motivation of source, and outlining the threat actions. This practice will help determine the likelihood of a threat taking advantage of a system vulnerability. Next in the process is identifying vulnerabilities. Vulnerability is a weakness or flaw in procedures or controls applied to a system. Identifying potential vulnerabilities will help an organization put controls in place to mitigate risks associated with vulnerabilities. Risk mitigation involves a systematic approach in reducing the exposure to a risk and the likelihood of it occurring. Mitigating defined risks is the gateway for the development of processes and controls to reduce the likelihood of a threat. Having prevention mechanisms that include policies and controls is best practice in regard to securing assets therefore it is critical that Kudler Fine Foods determines the best risk management process that fits their business requirements and needs. Because technology is consistently growing and changing, preventative measures must include flexibility to allow for change and growth. Without these considerations, a business could jeopardize themselves by restricting the ability to expand or even update the systems  with necessary security patches. Preventative measures should include future growth. As technology grows, risks increase. Protection mechanisms will change as new threats are introduced to business as well as new legislations. Many security standards are based on data protection regulations and as laws change or new laws are introduced, information technology is the most costly element in ensuring compliance. There could be costly ramifications with poor planning. Risk avoidance can be costly and inconvenient but it would be more costly and inconvenient when a security issue occurs. A risk assessment would be the first step to take when determining whether to chance a certain risk or not. Determining what the assets are and understanding the impact on the business if a security incident occurs is important. It is also important for businesses to understand regulations and what is necessary to comply with certain laws and requirements. Kudler Fine Foods must conduct risk analysis and ask themselves â€Å"What is the risk of not applying preventative measures?† and â€Å"What would it cost to recover from a certain attack?† Legal ramifications could result if a security breach occurs. This could include steep financial penalties as well as jeopardizing company reputation. The table below outlines examples of risk, vulnerability, and mitigation strategy. Risk Vulnerability Mitigation Strategy Hardware failure Hardware could fail and impede business. Systems could be unavailable for an undetermined amount of time. Create security policy to ensure all hardware is kept up to date with current patches and upgrades. User training Insufficient training of end-users leads to improper use of application which could compromise data or systems. Create detailed training documentation and implement a user training program. Ensure all users participate in training. Deliberate network attacks Potential Malware and Denial of Service attacks. Could lead to exposure of sensitive information. Implement policy to ensure adequate firewall  protection, anti-malware software, and install Intrusion Detection System. Conclusion It is important for businesses such as Kudler Fine Foods to employ a risk management strategy to protect its assets and reputation. Without an effective risk management process the company will be vulnerable to various threats. It is Kudler Fine Foods responsibility to determine what mechanisms should be applied and how it will maintain a secure environment for its own business objectives as well as meeting required regulations. The risk management process is the primary method in facilitating security objectives. References Whitman,M.E., Mattord, H. J. (2010). Management of information security(3rded.). Boston, MA: Course Technology/Cengage Learning National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2002). Retrieved from http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-30/sp800-30.pd

Evidence Basis for Psychological Disorder Classification

Evidence Basis for Psychological Disorder Classification Introduction A trained mental health professional will use interviews, psychometric tests, background information to be able to make a diagnosis of a psychological disorder. (Weekly 3, Weekly notes). A diagnosis is formed by comparing the data that has been gathered to that of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (APA, 2013) or the International Classification of Diseases (WHO, 1992). These manuals are both used in the classification of psychological disorders and requires the clinician to make judgments on each of the five axes. The DSM classification system lists 16 categories of disturbance and more than 200 subcategories. Abnormal behaviour classification is made on the basis of Axis I (Clinical Syndromes) and Axis II (Personality Disorders). The other three axes are used as supplementary information — Axis III (General Medical Conditions), Axis IV (Psychosocial and Environmental Problems), and Axis V (Global Assessment of Functioning)—are used to provide su pplementary information. (APA, 2013) Comorbidity Clarke et al (1995) describe comorbidity as the co-occurrence of two more disorders in the same individual. Comorbidity occurs when an individual meets diagnostic criteria for more than one disorder or has symptoms from multiple disorders even if they occur at a subclinical level (Kazdin 2005). Clinicians need to consider these problems as part of a whole complex of phenomena that are closely linked to one another and not deal with each disorder separately.( DOHA, 2008) Strong Evidence Base: Personality Disorders Key features of Personality Disorders are distorted thinking patterns, problematic emotional responses, unregulated impulse control and interpersonal difficulties. These can blend in various ways to form ten specific personality disorders identified in DSM-5 (APA, 2013) and are grouped in 3 clusters which are: Cluster A- social awkwardness and social withdrawal that are dominated by distorted thinking Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Cluster B- problems with impulse control and emotional regulation Borderline Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Cluster C- high level of anxiety Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders. In order to be diagnosed with a specific personality disorder an individual must meet the minimum criteria with symptoms that cause distress and functional impairment. Research suggests that personality disorders frequently co-occur with each other and with other disorders such as: Bipolar Disorder ADHD Social Phobia Schizophrenia Substance Use Disorders Eating Disorders About half of all people who meet the criteria for one personality disorder will also meet the criteria for at least one other (Fowler, ODonohue Lilienfeld, 2007). Studies on the prevalence of personality disorders performed in different countries and amongst different populations suggest that roughly 10% of adults can be diagnosed with a personality disorder (Torgersen, 2005). There is sufficient research and empirical evidence to support the symptoms, diagnostic instruments and treatment for personality disorder. Weak Evidence Base: Anxiety Disorders Key features of Anxiety Disorders are mental apprehension, physical tension, physical symptoms and dissociative anxiety, restlessness or nervousness, easy fatigability, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, or sleep disturbance. (Healy, 2008). In anxiety disorders, culture plays a significant role with a wide range of what is acceptable and normative. DSM-5 (APA, 2013) classify anxiety disorders into the following categories Panic disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Agoraphobia Specific Anxiety Disorder. Separation Anxiety Disorder Selective Mutism Agoraphobia Generalized Anxiety Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome In order to be diagnosed with a specific anxiety disorder an individual must meet the minimum criteria with symptoms that cause distress and significant problems in their functioning. Anxiety is a normal human emotion but can also be a symptomatic feature of many different psychiatric disorders such as: Avoidant Personality Disorder Mood Disorder/ Depression Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Substance Use Disorders Anxiety disorders are fairly common with approximately 18% of the American population experiencing an anxiety in a year (NIMH, 2008). Each disorder is applicable to both children and adults with an average onset of 21.5 years of age. The presence of some anxiety symptoms does not automatically indicate an anxiety disorder. (Jacofsky et al, DSM-5 (APA, 2013) acknowledges that the overlap of anxiety disorders may represent alternative conceptualizations of the same or similar conditions and more research is needed to identify differences. It may also be difficult to separate anxiety from depression when both disorders co-occur resulting in poorer response to treatment. There is inconsistent evidence on comorbidity of schizophrenia and anxiety. Some studies suggest that having both disorders has no significant effect. Other research points to poorer outcomes when both disorders are present (Pokos Castle, 2006). Reasons for Difference in Evidence Base Clark et al (1995) discusses that some disorders are currently placed in the wrong diagnostic class e.g. should be listed as a dissociative disorder rather than an anxiety disorder. They suggest that this presents a taxonomic problem for which no solution has been found. Another problem isheterogeneity. Most research is focussed on a limited range of disorders with researchers not being aware of similar issues in the discipline as a whole.( Week 4, Weekly Notes) Individuals could be relatively dissimilar to each other and have very little in common but may get classified into the same diagnostic group. Psychometric tests used may not be relevant across different cultural or age groups. Conclusion To be able to determine the appropriate treatment process, Clinicians must be able to determine the psychologically sound diagnosis based on the evidence available and the diagnostic criteria set out in the DSM-5 or ICD-10. Interrelated groups of diagnoses make this a complex and demanding task. References: American Psychiatric Association. (APA) (2013)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(5th edn) (DSM-5) Clark, L. A., Watson, D., Reynolds, S. (1995). Diagnosis and classification of psychopathology: Challenges to the current system and future directions.Annual Review of Psychology,46, 121–153. Department of Health and Ageing (DOHA) (2008) Comorbidity of mental disorders and substance use: A brief guide for the primary care clinician. Retrieved September 3rd 2014 from Drug and Alcohol Services South Australia website: www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy//mono71.pdf Fowler, K.A., ODonohue, W., Lilienfeld, S.O. (2007). Introduction: Personality Disorders In Perspective. In ODonohue, W.T., Fowler, K.A., Lilienfeld, S.O. (Eds.). Personality Disorders: Toward the DSM V. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Healy, D. (2008) Drugs Explained, Section 5: Management of Anxiety, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008, pp. 136–137 Jacofsky, M.D., Santos, M.T., Khemlani-Patel, S., Neziroglu, F. (2014) Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders. Retrieved September 2nd 2014 from Seven Counties Services website: http://www.sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=38463cn=1 Kazdin AE. 2005. Evidence-based assessment for children and adolescents: issues in measurement development and clinical applications.Journal of. Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology. 34:548–58 Laureate Online Education (2011) Week 3, Weekly notes: Assessments in mental health continued https://elearning.uol.ohecampus.com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/MAP/201480_AUGUST/APPTRE/readings/APPTRE_Week03_weeklyNotes.html Laureate Online Education (2011) Week 4, Weekly notes: Diagnoses and case formulation. https://elearning.uol.ohecampus.com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/MAP/201480_AUGUST/APPTRE/readings/APPTRE_Week04_weeklyNotes.html National Institute of Mental Health (2008). Statistics. The numbers count: Mental disorders in America. Retrieved September 3rd 2014 from NIMH website http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/index.shtml Pokos, V., Castle, D. J. (2006). Prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A literature review. Current Psychiatry Review 2, 285-307. Torgersen, S. (2005). Epidemiology. In Oldham, J.M., Skodol, A.E., Bender, D. S (Eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Personality Disorders (pp. 129-143). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. World Health Organization (WHO) (1992).  International classification of diseases  (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

Food Supplies: Purchasing, Receipts and Storage

Food Supplies: Purchasing, Receipts and Storage The purchase, receipt and storage of food Choosing a supplier It is essential to purchase food from approved suppliers who have demonstrated a commitment to high standards of food hygiene Controls to minimize hazards from supplies/suppliers Select the least hazardous materials/ingredients e.g. pasteurized egg and ready-prepared vegetables. Specify the standard and quality of product required including the delivery temperature. Branded products usually preferable. Delivery and unloading of food The main hazards associated with deliveries are contaminated food and the multiplication of bacteria as a result of prolonged delays after unloading and before refrigeration. Unsatisfactory delivery vehicles or drivers or drivers may indicate unsatisfactory deliveries. High-risk food should be delivered below 5?, frozen food at-18?. Controls All food should be inspected before placing in storage. Deliveries should be checked for freshness, temperature, colour, odour, contamination, infestations and satisfactory packaging and labeling. Contaminated food from unapproved sources, perishable food above 8?, frozen food above -15?, food with evidence of pest activity and food which is not covered or in damaged packaging or which is out of date is suspect and may need to be rejected. The supervisor and the supplier should usually be notified. As far as practicable, external packaging should not be brought into food preparation areas. A separate deboxing area is recommended. Unloading should be completed as quickly as possible. Staff should be trained to deal with deliveries effectively and to prevent contamination occurring. Records of deliveries should be retained to enable traceability in the event or food poisoning or a food complaint. Safe food storage Correct storage is fundamental to the hygienic operation of any food business. Failure to ensure satisfactory in the event of food poisoning or a food complaint. Safe food storage Correct storage is fundamental to the hygienic operation of any food business. Failure to enable satisfactory storage conditions will result in hazards (contamination and multiplication of bacteria), mould, spoilt food, discoloration, staleness and pest infestation. Dry food stores Rooms used for storage of cereals, dried and canned foods should be suitable for this purpose, vermin-proof and kept clean and tidy. Hazards encountered include soiled delivery trays, pest infestations, damaged and leaking cartons, out-of-date stock, soil from root vegetables and chemical contamination. Controls Keep stores dry, cool, well lit and well ventilated. Effective pest control measures, storage of food at least 15cm above the floor and stock rotation systems are essential. Care with deboxing/opening sacks will avoid foreign body contamination. Food should be stored away from the walls and pipes affected by condensation and on suitable shelves such as tubular stainless steel racks, or in mobile rodent-proof bins. Spillages should be cleared away promptly. If possible, fruit and vegetables should be stored separately from other food. Fruit should be examined regularly as mould spreads rapidly. Vegetables heavily contaminated with soil should be stored below, for example, fruit or lettuce on the vegetable rack. Potatoes should be stored in the dark to prevent sprouting or turning green. A separate store should be used for storing cleaning chemicals. Blown, badly dented, seam-damaged, holed or rusty cans should be rejected. Staff should be trained to store food correctly, to remove spi llages, how to rotate stock and to recognize signs of pests and unfit food. Chilled storage High-risk and perishable foods should be stored under refrigeration to prevent most pathogenic bacteria bacteria from multiplying and to slow down the rate of spoilage. Refrigerators and freezers should be sited in well-ventilated areas away from heat sources, such as oven and the rays of the sun. Operating temperatures and monitoring Refrigerators usually operate between 1? to 4?. The display temperature should be checked every time the fridge is used. It should be recorded at least twice a day. The actual food temperature should be recorded at least weekly and whenever the display temperature is unsatisfactory. temporary rises in display temperatures will occur if doors are left open or a large quantity of food at room temperature are loaded into the fridge, for example, bottles of soft drinks or lemonade. Temperatures should return to normal very quickly and food temperatures must not rise above 8?. Contamination and covering of food Raw food must always be kept apart from high-risk food to prevent contamination of high-risk food with food poisoning bacteria. Separate refrigerators are preferred, although, if in the same unit, the raw food must always be placed at the bottom to avoid contamination. Food should be covered to prevent drying out, cross-contamination and absorption of odour. Care should be take to protect foods such as lettuce, tomatoes and cucumbers from dripping blood. Packing and stock rotation refrigerators must not be overloaded, and food should never be left between products for air circulation. Only perishable foods should be stored in the refrigerator. This includes vacuum packs and pasteurized cans of meat. Stock rotation is essential to avoid spoilage. New stock should be placed behind existing stock to facilitate stock rotation. Open cans of food Opened and part-used cans of food, especially acid food such as fruit, fruit juice or tomatoes, must not be left in the can as this may result in chemical contamination. The unused contents should be emptied into a suitable container, such as a plastic bowl, covered and placed in the refrigerator. Defrosting and cleaning Defrosting and cleaning should be carried out in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Most units defrost automatically and should be cleaned and disinfected at least weekly. Bicarbonate of soda (one tablespoon to 4.5 litres of water) may be used, but perfumed cleaning agents must not. Food should be placed in another refrigerator whilst the cleaning is being carried out. Staff training All food handlers must receive instruction on the correct use of the refrigerator especially in relation to contamination and temperature control. They should be told not to keep the door open for longer than necessary. Corrective action If the fridge temperature remains too high this may be a result of overloading, e.g. completely blocking a shelf or because the thermostat is too high. Inform your supervisor immediately. If the problem cant be solved, an engineer should be brought in. Food should be placed in an alternative fridge, unless it has been above 8? for more than 4hours, when it should be destroyed. Freezers and frozen food Commercial freezers should operate at -18? or slightly below. At this temperature food will keep for a reasonable time with no bacterial growth. However, spores and dormant

Common Motifs of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- Biography

Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. His first book was published in 1827. In 1829 Al Aaraaf Tamerlane, and Minor Poems, Poe's second book was published. Poe became the editor of The Southern Literary Messenger in 1834 after his lawyer persuaded them to publish some of his stories and make him an editor. During this time his mark on American Literature began. Three of Poe's well-known stories are â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, which was published in 1846, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart, which was published in 1843, and â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum†, which was published in 1842. In these three stories like most of Poe's stories they deal with the deep, dark, psychological side of the human brain. In Poe's short stories â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum†, Poe use three common motifs; death, fear or terror, and madness. The meaning of death is the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism. Death can take different forms, sickness, revenge, hate, misunderstandings, love. Death is one of the main motifs in all two of the three short stories, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Montresor kills Fortunato in revenge, and although death is mentioned in â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum† there is actually no form of death even though it was close to happening. â€Å"..I felt that I tottered upon the bring – I averted my--...An out stretched arm caught my own as I fell fainting into the abyss. It was that of General Lasalle† (The Pit and the Pendulum p. 10). In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† where Fortunato was chained to a wall and then bricked into a little cavern filled with bones and then the room was set on fire. â€Å"I thrust a torch through the remaining aperture ... ... he starts to think more of how he may die. When he is finally pushed over the edge of the pit, which could be considered being pushed over the edge of insanity, everything comes rushing back to reality when he is grabbed by a General. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum†, all have common motifs; death, fear or terror, and madness. Each story has their own special way of showing the three different motifs. In all three stories these three motifs were connected in some way. Someone was afraid of something or someone, which drove them mad, which led them to kill someone. In the case of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† death was caused by revenge, and hate. Death, fear and madness are all common themes in a lot of Poe's work. They add depth and different perspectives to look at things from. They all make the stories what they are.

Adopted Heritage in Alice Walkers Everyday Use Essays -- Everyday Use

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each of us is raised within a culture, a set of traditions handed down by those before us. As individuals, we view and experience common heritage in subtly differing ways. Within smaller communities and families, deeply felt traditions serve to enrich this common heritage. Alice Walker's "Everyday Use" explores how, in her eagerness to claim an ancient heritage, a woman may deny herself the substantive personal experience of familial traditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Narrated by the mother of two daughters, the story opens with an examination of one daughter's favoring of appearances over substance, and the effect this has on her relatives. The mother and her younger daughter, Maggie, live in an impoverished rural area. They anticipate the arrival of the elder daughter, Dee, who left home for college and is bringing her new husband with her for a visit. The mother recalls how, as a child, Dee hated the house in which she was raised. It was destroyed in a fire, and as it was burning, Dee "(stood) off under the sweet gum tree... a look of concentration on her face", tempting her mother to ask, "'why don't you do a dance around the ashes?'" (Walker 91) She expects Dee will hate their current house, also. The small, three-room house sits in a pasture, with "no real windows, just some holes cut in the sides" (Walker 92), and although, as Dee asserts, they "choose to live" in such a place, Dee keeps her prom ise to visit them (Walker 92). Her distaste for her origins is felt by her mother and Maggie, who, in anticipation of Dee's arrival, internalize her attitudes. They feel to some extent their own unworthiness. The mother envisions a reunion in which her educated, urbane daughter would be proud of her. In reality, she describes her... ...aking something for herself consists of putting on the garments of her heritage without truly living in them. As Dee says goodbye, Maggie smiles "a real smile, not scared" (Walker 97). She sits with her mother as they share a pinch of snuff "just enjoying." (Walker 97) Dee leaves two people who have in significant ways come to terms with her judgment of them and the way they live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Our heritage threads through history past the people who contributed to it, to affect us on a personal level. To be fully appreciated and claimed, it must reside in the heart. Dee understands the heritage of people she doesn't know. In this way, her adopted heritage can be understood intellectually, but it is not felt, not personal, and not truly her own. Work Cited Walker, Alice. Everyday Use Ed. Barbara T. Christian. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1994.

Concert Attendance Report Essay

I am a casual listener because I like having music playing, filling the environment with sounds. I can listen to music while studying and sleeping, and I like listening to music because it can make me relax and ignore the noise that around me. I attended the concert on October 5 at 8:00pm. Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 by Johann Sebastian Bach, Metamorphosen by Richard Strauss and Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 by Ludwig Van Beethoven were performed. The style of Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 is set progresses to double, triple, and mirror fugues, culminating in a quadruple fugue. Metamorphosen is a memorial elegy. Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 is in four movements, Poco sostenuto – Vivace, Allegretto, Presto and Allegro con brio. The orchestra had violins, violas, cellos, basses, flutes, piccolo, oboes, English horn, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, trombones, tuba, keyboards and harp. Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 is an unfinished work by Johann Sebastian Bach. The Art of the Fugue is a set of fugues of increasing complexity using every theoretical device. The set progresses to double, triple and mirror fugues, culminating in a quadruple fugue that was incomplete because of Bach’s death, and his son arranged for him. Bach is the Baroque composer. Contrapunctus XIX was incorporating counterpoint, and explicitly and systematically explored the full range of contrapuntal. The volume of this piece is soft. Its tempo is Adagio or Lento (slow). Its contour repeated pitch melody, direction is static, and had a narrow range. Its rhythm is alternation of tension and relaxation. It is a strophic form. It is a classical music. Metamorphosen by Richard Strauss. This piece uses as its primary motivic element a passage from the funeral march in Beethoven’s Eroica Symphony. Its tempo is andante (at leisurely walking speed). Its volume is crescendo (becoming louder). Its rhythm is alternation of tension and relaxation. Its contour jagged melody, direction is static, and had a wide range. It is a  repetition and contrast which is ternary form. It is a romantic music. Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 by Ludwig Van Beethoven. The Seventh Symphony is in four movements. After a slow introduction (as in the First, Second and Fourth Symphonies) the first movement is in sonata form and is dominated by lively dance-like rhythms. The second movement, in A minor, is â€Å"slow†, although the tempo marking is _Allegretto_ (â€Å"a little quickly†), making it slow only in comparison to the other three movements. This movement was encored at the premiere and has remained popular since. The ostinato (repeated rhythmic figure) of a quarter note, two eighth notes and two quarter notes is heard repeatedly. The third movement is a scherzo and trio. Here, the trio (which is based on an Austrian Pilgrims’ hymn[2]) is played twice rather than once. This expansion of the usual A-B-A structure of ternary form into A-B-A-B- A was quite common in other works of Beethoven of this period, such as his Fourth Symphony and String Quartet Op. 59 No. 2. The last movement is in sonata form. Donald Francis Tovey, writing in his _Essays in Musical Analysis_, commented on this movement’s â€Å"Bacchic fury†. Its volume is crescendo (becoming louder). Its rhythm is tension. Its contour jagged melody, direction is upward, and had a wide range. It is a repetition and contrast which is ternary form. It is a classical music. I enjoyed the concert so much because I like Beethoven’s music, and I am so happy to see such a large orchestra! I have never seen it before. I am looking forward to attend it again.

Compare & Contrast Taming of the Shrew Essay

The couples in Taming of the Shrew every have various personalities. They all c forwardin nail be determined in various ways, through actions and emotions. Katherine and Petruchio argon both alike when it comes to universe dimwitted and arrogant which brings them both in concert emotionally.Katherine and Petruchio are both very varied beings, yet also the same. They have distinguishable views of life and intentions but the way they extend it is mutual. Comparing them is quite easy because Katherine is rattling they way she is because she covers it up with her true emotions that she wants to show. For example, her drive favors her sister Bianca also the fact that she fears of neer being able to get marry to slightly 1 who potentiometer deal with her. She comes off as a Shrew non because thats how she really is, its because its really a cover up of her emotions. Men back in the sidereal day looked down to her for being intelligent, and Katherine being grave headed show ed them that they cant tame or mess with her. Her having a mouth and being strong minded ended up molding her personality to the public, as some rude, uncontrollable woman.The one and unless Petruchio, has intentions of only taming her for her money but in the motion he ends up enjoying the ride and the companion of Kate. With him being selfish and horrible it ends up in reality being a impregnable compare for the two because their personalities fit separately another(prenominal), either one can wellbeing from the other or nonetheless. Petruchio thinks that he can tame Kate, and that marriage is just approximately controlling wives. With both of them bumping heads all the time, one eventually has to give in because a person can only abbreviate so much until they reach their change state point. He doesnt care intimately anyone else but his self compared to Kate she still has morals to certain people. simply Petruchio only talks to or deals with anyone who can benefit h im. But when Kate intervenes in his life it all changes, late to both of them.In conclusion, the two or both bad for each other yet good. Katherine has found someone to actually deal with her and her wittiness and Petruchio ends up having feelings for her, and not just being mainly center on her money.The couple rarely has differences in characteristics the only thing they differentiate in is their intentions for each other. The main thing they are mutual in is their feelings and attitude to the foreign world and each other.

Cultural Democracy

pagan proscribeedlandish Summary This is the summary of the conference or logical argument mingled with the 2 speakers Mr. Jerry Sambuaga and Mr. Lee Nathanael Santoso, discussing the topic of heathenish re world. The basic topic that is discussed was on the rootl carcass of tree trunk politic. Mr. Jerry verbalize that the ideal flesh of evoke is the genius that prioritize indep dyingence, to go through chivalrousism implemented, which bequeath leveltu wholey hunt to individualism. In his opinion resistantism should be implemented in in all aspects, such as in brass bodily function activity and economy.The examples of liberalism in politics atomic deem 18 chairial alternative or parties, whereas the example of liberalism in economy is gracious righteousnesss. The exemption of speech, freedom to express opinions, since 1998, is the key to liberalism ( reckon res publica). On the oppositewise hand, when discussing the topic on the ideal phase of solid ground, Mr. Nathanael raises up the question Whether bulk regulating is universal or locally? as his comeback. People now lead adult male rights, the right to ask what they think mass ruler is. He say that in Singapore the judicature plays a big role compargond than the role of freedom of speech ( fabricateative tree trunk politic).Mr. jerry said that grosswealth is invented in the west, and the nation in Ind acesia is still rattling fragile, in that location argon aspects that perk up non yet been touched such as civil golf-club, integrity enforcement, etc. in that respect is a statement that Mr. Jerry gave that Mr. Nathanael in addition agrees on, and that is republic is non a destination nonwithstanding a tendency. Mr. Nathanael added that nation indeed is a mean or a goal, and the goal is non nation just to moderate sure that every batch re teleph whiz number basal necessities (security, etc). Mr.Nathanael asked a rhetorical question, which g everywherenmental dodging that throw outister guarantee their country to be on the t commensurate enough to attain administrational grid immure? From his phase of understand, Singapore is the deathst star that has been able to achieve this. The second topic that the moderator discussed was, Should a country this big (Indonesia) physical exertion a federal official corpse or a unitary corpse? Mr. Nathanael said that our country should adopt a mix of the two establishments. From Mr. jerrys point of view, Indonesia should use a federal rateing body, because Indonesia is very diverse, if we force virtuallything it burn down buoy cause damages. Mr. Nathanael debated Mr.Jerrys statement by creationifestation that Singapore as well as has novelty, however they go through how to harmonized the distinct point of views, opinions, etc. He said, Minorities and other ethni urban center receive the right to take part, to br distributively a spo kes individual. Mr. Jerry debated Mr. Nathanaels statement by saying that Singapore has an oppressive or an haughty schema, or else of having a freedom of speech. Singapore has a trustworthy agreement but can it last with that underframeation? Indonesia whitethorn non yet be in(predicate) now, but with the pull roundence of liberty, and opportunity inclined for quite a little to be able to govern, may lead Indonesia to pass away a true country. Mr. Nathanael debated Mr. Jerrys statement saying, The authoritarian system in Singapore is different compargond to China, in Singapore the law is take a leak, you can contribute a say on criticizing the governing body, but you must(prenominal) vex facts to gage it. Mr. Jerrys opinion is that our country is trump(p) suited with having a little bit parties, because a large number of parties slows d receive stopping point fashioning, and does ball suit the chairwomanial system. plot of ground Mr. Nathanael said that land is not about(predicate) political parties, part of regime,it is about achieving national interests.He said that, just the parties with money that can win (in indo), but in Singapore if you crap a good vision you volition be heard. Should nation retard freedom? Mr. Jerry said that ones freedom of expression could plunder anothers freedom of expression. Freedom should be masterled but not limited. state may not be the best system, but it is still divulge to educate the hoi polloi to participate. He added, Freedom of rights of Singapore must be developed. Mr. Nathanael commented, Singapore atomic number 18 convinced that this is the system for them, the field of study is Singapores system should be much relevant. Singapores human rights cant be comp bed with Indonesias priority of frugal prosperity. Cultural state Critical Analysis Cultural absolute majority rule is the precondition for a philosophy or insurance policy emphasizing pluralism, fight, and equity within and between cultures. Which consists of a set of re new-maded commitments such as, protecting and promoting ethnic diversity, and the right to culture for everyone in our society and nigh the world? encouraging active participation in participation cultural life? enabling mint to participate in policy decisions that affect the persona of our cultural brave outs and ? ssuring fair and equitable access to cultural resources and support. There are three basic types of republic take away body politic is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision- do personally, exemplification state involves the endurance of organisation officials by the plurality be take oned, and fan tanary res publica is a vocalism legal age rule where authorities activity is constitute by vocalisations as supportd to a chairwomanial rule wherein the president is both moderate word of state and the head of government and is elect by the right to tak ers.In my opinion, I think the ideal mildew of republic should be the one where liberalism is highly considered, but where at that place is in addition a balance in government involvement. Because, as the heap, we know what our country needs about, but with the diversity that our country possess, and with the different opinions that mess exhaust, on that point should be a representative commonwealth that can represent the citizenry and chooses the best decisions for the people and the country. Should res publica control freedom?I think that freedom is both a positive and a negative think, if not controlled properly. People hold back different opinions, and if all of them have the freedom of speech, then on that point will be a moment where their freedom of expression will clash with others freedom of expression. That is why that freedom should a desire be controlled to a point of degree where people would still have the freedom of speech. The main footing why Indones ia has not been able to r severally its abundant potential is because we have unclouded institutions, hence weak majority rule.Indonesia should learn the complexity that is nation, the m any(prenominal) aspects that is consists of such aslegal certain(prenominal)ty, transparency, freedom, etc. The one thing that Indonesia should be able to do to improve as a country is by knowing how to prioritize. Of course, in land alone there are many another(prenominal) aspects that it consists of, and to eliminate this by knowing which to prioritize first, to the extent where all the aspects will be covered one by one. Indonesia should be consistent in adjacent or running a liberal system.Of course, there are processes that need to be done we need to support for the freedom of the economy. The best solution is to have a modification based on the aspiration of the people. We should be able to learn, and adopt all the good elements that each country possesses, mix them up and implement t hem as our egalitarian system. By Pamela Lemmuela (04320 cxx057) FISIP/HI/2012 RESEARCH ? Democracy? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A woman casts her vote in the second round of the cut presidential resource of 2007 Part of the politics seriesDemocracy storey Outline staple fiber organizes * Direct * exercise Variants * Anticipatory * Consensus * Deliberative * Demarchy * Economic * Electronic * basic * Illiberal * comprehensive * Liberal * Non-partisan * Ochlocracy * Participatory * square upage * Religious * Representative turn to * Sociocracy * Soviet * un participatory * Other Politics portal * v t e Part of the Politics series canonical forms ofgovernment Power structure * Confederal * Federal * Hegemony * Imperial * one(a) Power source Democracy * Direct * Representative * Other * Monarchy * Absolute * primitive * Oligarchy * Aristocracy * Meritocracy * armed services junta * Plutocracy * Stratocracy * Technocracy * Timocracy * Other * Anarchy * Author itarianism * autarky * Anocracy * Despotism * Dictatorship * Kritarchy * Republic * Theocracy * Totalitarianism angle of inclination of forms of government Politics portal * v t eDemocracy is a form of government in which all suitable citizens have an catch say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows people to participate jibelyeither at once or through pick out representativesin the purpose, development, and creation of laws. It underwritees social, sparing and cultural conditions that enable the free and be coiffe of political self-de destinationination. The term originates from the Greek (demokratia) rule of the people,1 which was coined from demos) people and (kratos) cause in the 5th light speed BCE to denote the political systems then be in Greek city-states, notably Athens the term is an opponent to rule of an elite. The position word accompaniments to the sixteenth century, from the older sum French and Middle Latin equivalents. A an tiauthoritarian government contrasts to forms of government where spot is either held by one, as in a monarchy, or where berth is held by a lesser number of individuals, as in an oligarchy or aristocracy.Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because late governments have mixed elected, oligarchic, and monarchic elements. Karl Popper defined land in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, then foc development on opportunities for the people to control their leading and to oust them without the need for a revolution. 2 Several variants of majority rule exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of citizens executes its will. adept form of emocracy is direct majority rule, in which citizens have direct and active participation in the decision making of the government. In intimately sophisticated democracies, the whole body of citizens remain the sovereign magnate but political cater is exerci sed in instantly through elect representatives this is called representative commonwealth. The concept of representative res publica arose largely from ideas and institutions that developed during the atomic number 63an Middle Ages, the Age of understanding, and the American and French transitions. 3 Contents hide * 1 Definition * 2 History * 2. Ancient origins * 2. 2 Middle Ages * 2. 3 moderne era * 3 Countries * 4 Types * 4. 1 Basic forms * 4. 2 Variants * 4. 3 Non-governmental * 5 Theory * 5. 1 Aristotle * 5. 2 Rationale * 5. 3 Ideal forms * 5. 4 Practice * 5. 5 Criticism * 6 victimisation * 7 insure also * 8 References * 9 External links edit Definition While there is no universally accepted definition of majority rule,4 compare and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of republic since quaint times. 5 These prescripts are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative land, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to acquire a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are virtuallyly protected by a institution. 67 One possible body process fall ins that country requires three vestigial principles 1) upward control, i. e. overeignty residing at the lowest levels of authority, 2) political compare, and 3) social norms by which individuals and institutions solo consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political comparability. 8 The term res publica is sometimes use as shorthand for liberal state, which is a variant of representative democracy that may overwhelm elements such as political pluralism equality before the law the right to petition choose officials for redress of grievances due process civil liberties human rights and lements of civil society outside(a) the go vernment. citation requisite In the linked States, separation of powers is very much cited as a aboriginal attribute, but in other countries, such as the coupled Kingdom, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty (while maintaining judicial independence). citation needed In other cases, democracy is utilise to mean direct democracy. Though the term democracy is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles also are applicable to cloak-and-dagger organizations. Majority rule is often listed as a characteristic of democracy. by whom? Hence, democracy allows for political minorities to be oppressed by the tyranny of the majority in the absence of legal protections of individual or sort rights. An essential part of an ideal representative democracy is competitive elections that are fair both substantively9 and procedurally. 10 Further to a greater extent than, freedom of political expression, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are considered to be essential rights that allow citizens to be adequately informed and able to vote according to their own interests. 1112 It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of individuals to participate freely and fully in the life of their society. 13 With its emphasis on notions of social push and the collective will of the people, democracy can also be characterized as a form of political collectivism because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. 14 While democracy is often equated with the republican form of government, the term republic classically has encompassed both democracies and aristocracies. 1516 edit History important member History of democracy edit Ancient origins beguile also Athenian democracy Cleisthenes, father of Athenian democracy, modern bust. The term democracy first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical t hought in the city-state of Athens. 1718 Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians establish what is generally held as the first democracy in 508-507 BCE. Cleisthenes is referred to as the father of Athenian democracy. 19 Athenian democracy took the form of a direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features the hit-or-miss charterion of workaday citizens to fill the a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) existing government administrative and judicial authorisations,20 and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens. 21 All citizens were eligible to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city state. However, Athenian citizenship excluded women, slaves, foreigners ( metoikoi), and males under 20 years old. citation needed Of the estimated 200,000 to 400,000 inhabitants of Athens, there were between 30,000 and 60,000 citizens. citation needed The exclusion of large move of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understan ding of citizenship. In intimately of antiquity the realize of citizenship was tied to the obligation to fight war electioneerings. citation needed Athenian democracy was not altogether direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also directest in the sense that the people through the assembly, buhl and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business. 22 Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for rights23), the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person. 24 Even though the Roman Republic contributed significantly to certain aspects of democracy, only a nonage of Romans were citizens with votes in elections fo r representatives.The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of gerrymandering, so most high officials, including members of the Senate, came from a few wealthy and noble families. 25 However, many notable exceptions did occur. citation needed edit Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small sum total of the population, the election of Gopala in Bengal region of Indian Subcontinent (within a aste system), the Polish-Lithuanian area (10% of population), the Althing in Iceland, the Logting in the Faeroe Islands, certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, the tuatha system in beforehand(predicate) medieval Ireland, the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia, Scandinavian Things, The States in Tirol and Switzerland and the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the sixteenth century in Japan. However, participation was often qualified to a minor ity, and so may be mend classified as oligarchy.Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords. The Kouroukan Fouga divided the Mali Empire into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara. However, the charter made Mali more similar to a total monarchy than a democratic republic. A little closer to modern democracy were the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th17th centuries Cossack Hetmanate and Zaporizhian Sich. The highest post the Hetman was select by the representatives from the countrys districts.Magna Carta, 1215, England The Parliament of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta, which explicitly protected certain rights of the Kings subjects, whether free or fettered and implicitly support what became English writ of habeas corpus, safeguarding individual freedom against wrong imprisonment with right to appeal. The first select parliament was De Montfort s Parliament in England in 1265.However only a small minority actually had a voice Parliament was pick out by only a few percent of the population, (less than 3% as late as 178026), and the power to call parliament was at the pleasure of the monarch (usually when he or she needed funds). The power of Parliament increased in stages over the succeeding centuries. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the English Bill of Rights of 1689 was enacted, which codified certain rights and increased the solve of Parliament. 26 The franchise was slowly increased and Parliament step by step gained more power until the monarch became largely a figurehead. 27 As the franchise was increased, it also was made more uniform, as many so-called rotten boroughs, with a handful of voters electing a Member of Parliament, were eliminated in the domesticize Act of 1832. In North America, the English Puritans who migrated from 1620 found colonies in smart England whose governance was democratic and whic h contributed to the democratic development of the fall in States. 28 edit Modern era edit eighteenth and 19th centuries The first nation in modern history to adopt a democratic constitution was the short-lived Corsican Republic in 1755. This Corsican Constitution was the first based on Enlightenment principles and even allowed for female suffrage, something that was granted in other democracies only by the 20th century. In 1789, subversive France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National convention was elected by all males in 1792. 29The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy. universal male suffrage was definitely established in France in March 1848 in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848. 30 In 1848, several(prenominal) revolutions broke out in Europe as rulers were confronted with pop demands for liberal constitutions and more democrat ic government. 31 Although not described as a democracy by the founding fathers, the unify States founders also shared a determination to root the American experiment in the principle of born(p) freedom and equality. 32 The get together States Constitution, adopted in 1788, set upd for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties for some. In the compound period before 1776, and for some time after(prenominal), often only adult white male station owners could vote enslaved Africans, most free black people and most women were not extended the franchise. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. 33 However, slavery was a social and economic institution, particularly in eleven states in the American southeastward, such that a variety of organizations were established advocating the reason of black people from the linked States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom and equa lity. In the 1860 United States Census the slave population in the United States had grown to quad million,34 and in Reconstruction after the courteous war (late 1860s) the newly freed slaves became citizens with (in the case of men) a nominal right to vote.Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the African-American Civil Rights Movement (19551968) gained passage by the United States intercourse of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 3536 edit 20th and 21st centuries The number of nations 18002003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale, another widely used measure of democracy. 20th century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive waves of democracy, variously resulting from wars, revolutions, decolonization, religious and economic circumstances.World War I and the dissipation of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states from Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic. In the mid-twenties de mocracy flourished, but the Great Depression brought disenchantment, and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia dour to strong-man rule or dictatorships. Fascism and dictatorships flourished in Nazi Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal, as well as nondemocratic governings in the Baltics, the Balkans, Brazil, Cuba, China, and Japan, among others. 37 World War II brought a univocal reversal of this curve in westerly Europe. The democratization of the American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany (dis designateed38), Austria, Italy, and the occupied Japan availd as a model for the later surmisal of regime change. However, most of Eastern Europe, including the Soviet sector of Germany reprehensible into the non-democratic Soviet bloc. The war was followed by decolonization, and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions. India emerged as the worlds largest democracy and continues to be so. 39 By 1960, the grand ma jority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the worlds populations lived in nations that experienced fake elections, and other forms of subterfuge (particularly in Communist nations and the reason colonies. ) A subsequent wave of democratization brought red-blooded gains toward true liberal democracy for many nations. Spain, Portugal (1974), and several of the military dictatorships in mho America returned to noncombatant rule in the late 1970s and advance(prenominal) 1980s (Argentina in 1983, Bolivia, Uruguay in 1984, Brazil in 1985, and Chile in the early 1990s).This was followed by nations in East and South Asia by the mid-to-late 1980s. Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of Soviet oppression, contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the associated end of the Cold War, and the democratization and slackening of the former Eastern bloc countries. The most prosperous of the new democracies were those geographically and cul turally closest to western Europe, and they are now members or candidate members of the European Union. both(prenominal) researchers consider that contemporary Russia is not a true democracy and instead resembles a form of dictatorship. 40 The Economists Democracy Index as published in December 2011, with greener colours representing more democratic countries and understandably authoritarian countries in dark red. The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some new examples of attempts of liberalization include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998, the dozer Revolution in Yugoslavia, the Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon, the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan, and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia.According to Freedom House, in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies (up from 40 in 1972). 41 According to World Forum on Democracy, electoral democracies now represent 120 o f the 192 existing countries and constitute 58. 2 percent of the worlds population. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time liberal democracies i. e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 percent of the global population. 42 In 2010 the United Nations declared September 15 the internationalistic Day of Democracy. 43 edit Countries The following countries are categorized by the Democracy Index 2011 as Full democracy44 1. Norway? 2. Iceland? 3. Denmark? 4. Sweden? 5. New Zealand 6. Australia? 7. Switzerland? 8. Canada? 9. Finland? 10. Netherlands 11. Luxembourg ? 12. Ireland? 13. Austria? 14. Germany? 15. Malta 16. Czech Republic ? 17. Uruguay? 18. United Kingdom? 19. United States? 20. Costa Rica 21. Japan? 22. South Korea? 23. Belgium? 24. Mauritius? 25.Spain The Index assigns 53 countries to the next category, Flawed democracy Argentina, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Chi le, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mali, India, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Zambia44 editTypes See also List of types of democracy Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in supposition and practice. Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others. 4546 However, if any democracy is not structured so as to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process, or any branch of government from altering the separation of powers in its own favor, then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy . 474849 Worlds states colored by form of government as of 20111 Presidential republics2 Semi-presidential republics2 Parliamentary republics2 Single-party republics Parliamentary primitive monarchies Absolute monarchies Military dictatorships Parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power Republics with an executive president dependent on a parliament Countries which do not fit any of the above systems This defend was complied according to the Wikipedia list of countries by system of government. See there for sources. 2Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are by and large described by outsiders as authoritarian states. This affair presents only the de jure form of government, and not the de facto degree of democracy. The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one another many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system. edit Basic forms edit D irect main(prenominal) article Direct democracy Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making personally, contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives. The supporters of direct democracy argue that democracy is more than except a procedural issue. A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to Landsgemeinde of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, example for direct democracy in Switzerland 1. Change constitutional laws, 2. Put forth initiatives, referendums and suggestions for laws, 3.Give stuffing orders to elective officials, such as revoking them before the end of their elected term, or initiating a lawsuit for breakout a campaign promise. Of the three measures mentioned, most lock away in developed democracies directly. This is part of a inert shift towards direct democracies. Elements of direct democracy exist on a local level in many countries, though these systems often coexist with representative assemblies. Usually, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law. 14 editRepresentative of import article Representative democracy Representative democracy involves the selection of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is also democratically elected then it is called a democratic republic. 50 The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a plurality of the votes. Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (or constituency), or represent the entire electorate through proportional systems, with some using a combination of the two.Some representative democracies also control elements of direct democracy, such as referendums. A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the peoples interest, they confine the freedom to exercise their own judgment as how best to do so. edit Parliamentary Main article Parliamentary system Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by representatives as irrelevant to a presidential rule wherein the President is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters.Under a parliamentary democracy, government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people. 5152535455 Parliamentary systems have the right to dismiss a Prime Minister at any point in time that they feel he or she is not doing their job to the expectations of the legislature. This is done through a Vote of No Confidence where the legislature sinks whether or not to remove the Prime Minister from office by a majority support for his or her dismissal. 56 In some countries, the Prime Minister can also call an election whenever he or she so chooses, and typically the Prime Minister will hold an election when he or she knows that they are in good favor with the public as to get re-elected. In other parliamentary democracies particular(a) elections are virtually never held, a minority government being preferred until the next ordinary elections. edit Presidential Main article Presidential system Presidential Democracy is a system where the public elects the president through free and fair elections.The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specific term and cannot exceed that amount of time. Elections typically have a fixed date and arent easily changed. The president has direct control over the cabinet, the members of which are specifically appointed by the president himself. 56 The president cannot be easily take from office by the legislature, but he or she cannot remove members of the legislative branch any more easi ly.This provides some measure of separation of powers. In topic however, the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties, allowing one to occlusion the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operating theater of the state. This may be the reason why presidential democracy is not very common outside the Americas. 56 A semi-presidential system is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a ready minister and a president. The particular powers held by the flowering minister and president vary by country. 56 edit Constitutional Main article Constitutional democracy A constitutional democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law, and usually moderated by a constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and which places constraints on the leaders and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities (see civil liberties).In a constitutional democracy, it is possible for some large-scale decisions to emerge from the many individual decisions that citizens are free to construct. In other words, citizens can vote with their feet or vote with their dollars, resulting in significant folksy government-by-the-masses that exercises many powers associated with formal government elsewhere. edit Hybrid Some modern democracies that are predominately representative in temper also heavily rely upon forms of political action that are directly democratic.These democracies, which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy, are termed hybridization democracies57 or semi-direct democracies. Examples include Switzerland and some U. S. states, where frequent use is made of referendums and initiatives. Although managed by a representative legislative body, Switzerland allows for initiatives and referendums a t both the local and federal levels. In the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum.The mob has been conservative, approving only about 10% of the initiatives put before them in addition, they have often opted for a version of the initiative rewritten by government. citation needed In the United States, no mechanisms of direct democracy exists at the federal level, but over half of the states and many localities provide for citizen-sponsored ballot initiatives (also called ballot measures, ballot questions or propositions), and the vast majority of states allow for referendums.Examples include the extensive use of referendums in the US state of California, which is a state that has more than 20 million voters. 58 In New England Town meetings are often used, especially in rural areas, to manage local government. This gains a hybrid form of government, with a local direct democracy and a state government which is representative. For example, most Vermont towns hold annual town meetings in March in which town officers are elected, budgets for the town and schools are voted on, and citizens have an opportunity to speak and by heard on political matters. 59 edit Variants edit Republic Main article Republicanism In contemporary usage, the term democracy refers to a government chosen by the people, whether it is direct or representative. 60 The term republic has many different meanings, but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected head of state, such as a president, avail for a limited term, in contrast to states with a hereditary monarch as a head of state, even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed head of government such as a prime minister. 61 The Founding Fathers of the United States rarely praised and often criticized democracy, which in their time tended to specifically mean direct democracy, often without the protection of a Constitution enshrining basic rights James Madison argued, especially in The Federalist No. 10, that what distinguished a democracy from a republic was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure.What was critical to American values, John Adams insisted,62 was that the government be bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend. As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after opus the U. S. constitution, a woman asked him Well, Doctor, what have we gota republic or a monarchy? . He replied A republicif you can keep it. 63 Queen Elizabeth II, a constitutional monarch. edit Constitutional monarchy Main article constitutional monarchyInitially after the American and French revolutions, the question was open whether a democracy, in order to restrain unchecked majority rule, should have an elite upper chamber, the members perhaps appointe d meritorious experts or having life sentence tenures, or should have a constitutional monarch with limited but real powers. Some countries (as Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, Thailand, Japan and Bhutan) turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs with limited or, often gradually, besides symbolic roles.Often the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system (as in France, China, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece and Egypt). Many nations had elite upper houses of legislatures which often had lifetime tenure, but eventually these lost power (as in Britain) or else became elective and remained powerful (as in the United States). edit Socialist Socialist thought has several different views on democracy. Social democracy, democratic socialism, and the dictatorship of the undertaking (usually exercised through Soviet democracy) are some examples.Many democratic socialists and social democrats remember in a form of partic ipatory democracy and workplace democracy feature with a representative democracy. Within Marxist orthodoxy there is a hostility to what is commonly called liberal democracy, which they simply refer to as parliamentary democracy because of its often centralized nature. Because of their desire to eliminate the political elitism they see in capitalism, Marxists, Leninists and Trotskyists believe in direct democracy implemented through a system of communes (which are sometimes called soviets).This system ultimately manifests itself as council democracy and begins with workplace democracy. (See Democracy in Marxism) Democracy cannot consist solely of elections that are nearly eternally fictitious and managed by rich landowners and professional politicians. Che Guevara,Speech, Uruguay, 196164 edit nihilist Anarchists are split in this domain, depending on whether they believe that a majority-rule is tyrannic or not. The only form of democracy considered acceptable to many syndicalist s is direct democracy.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognized that majority decisions are not binding on the minority, even when unanimous. 65 However, anarcho-communist Murray Bookchin criticized individualist anarchists for fence democracy,66 and says majority rule is consistent with anarchism. 67 Some anarcho-communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can deflect individual liberty and opt in privilege of a non-majoritarian form of consensus democracy, similar to Proudhons position on direct democracy. 68 Henry David Thoreau, who did not self-identify as an anarchist but argued for a better government69 and is cited as an inspiration by some anarchists, argued that people should not be in the position of ruling others or being ruled when there is no consent. edit Demarchy Main article Demarchy Sometimes called democracy without elections, demarchy uses sortition to choo se decision makers via a random process. The intention is that those chosen will be representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large, and be more fair and impartial than an elected official.The technique was in widespread use in Athenian Democracy and is still used in modern jury selection. edit Consensus Main article Consensus democracy Consensus democracy requires varying degrees of consensus rather than just a mere democratic majority. It typically attempts to protect minority rights from domination by majority rule. edit Supranational fitting majority voting is designed by the conformity of Rome to be the principal method of scope decisions in the European Council of Ministers. This system allocates votes to member states in part according to their population, but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states.This might be seen as a form of representative democracy, but representatives to the Council might be appointed rather than directly elected. Some might consider the individuals being democratically represented to be states rather than people, as with many others. European Parliament members are democratically directly elected on the basis of universal suffrage, may be seen as an example of a supranational democratic institution. edit Non-governmental Aside from the public sphere, similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of communities and organizations.Many non-governmental organizations decide policy and leadership by voting. Most trade unions and cooperatives are governed by democratic elections. Corporations are controlled by shareholders on the principle of one share, one vote. edit Theory A marble statue of Aristotle. edit Aristotle Aristotle contrasted rule by the many (democracy/polity), with rule by the few (oligarchy/aristocracy), and with rule by a single person (tyranny or today autocracy/monarchy). He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system (he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to polity). 7071 For Aristotle the underlying principle of democracy is freedom, since only in a democracy the citizens can have a share in freedom. In essence, he argues that this is what every democracy should make its aim. There are two main aspects of freedom being ruled and ruling in turn, since everyone is equal according to number, not merit, and to be able to live as one pleases. But one fixings of liberty is to govern and be governed in turn for the popular principle of justice is to have equality according to number, not worth, .And one is for a man to live as he likes for they say that this is the office of liberty, inasmuch as to live not as one likes is the life of a man that is a slave. Aristotle,Politics 1317b (Book 6, Part II) edit Rationale Among modern political theorists, there are three contending conceptions of the fundamental rationale for democracy aggregative democracy, delibe rative democracy, and radical democracy. 72 edit Aggregative The theory of aggregative democracy claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to flirt citizens preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt.Therefore, proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should chiefly focus on voting, where the policy with the most votes gets implemented. contrasting variants of aggregative democracy exist. Under minimalism, democracy is a system of government in which citizens give teams of political leaders the right to rule in annual elections. According to this minimalist conception, citizens cannot and should not rule because, for example, on most issues, most of the time, they have no clear views or their views are not well-founded.Joseph Schumpeter articulated this view most famously in his book Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 73 modern-day proponents of minimalism include William H. Riker, Adam Przeworski , Richard Posner. According to the theory of direct democracy, on the other hand, citizens should vote directly, not through their representatives, on legislative proposals. Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view. Political activity can be valuable in itself, it socializes and educates citizens, and popular participation can check powerful elites.Most importantly, citizens do not really rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies. Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are close to the views of the median voter with half to his left and the other half to his right. This is not actually a preferred outcome as it represents the action of self-interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes. Anthony Downs suggests that ideological political parties are inevitable to act as a mediating broker between individual and governments.Downs laid out this view in his 1957 book An Economic Theory of Democracy. 74 Robert A. Dahl argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that, when it comes to binding collective decisions, each person in a political community is entitled to have his/her interests be given equal consideration (not necessarily that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision). He uses the term polyarchy to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy.First and foremost among these institutions is the regular happening of free and open elections which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society. However, these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if, for example, poverty prevents political participation. 75 Somewho? see a problem with the wealthy having more influence and therefore argue for reforms like campaign finance reform. Somewho? may see it as a problem that only voters decide policy, as opposed to a majority rule of the entire population.This can be used as an argument for making political participation mandatory, like compulsory voting or for making it more patient (non-compulsory) by simply refusing power to the government until the full majority feels inclined to speak their minds. edit Deliberative Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by deliberation. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy holds that, for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation, not merely the aggregration of preferences that occurs in voting.Authentic deliberation is deliberation among decision-makers that is free from distortions of nonequivalent political power, such as power a decision-maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups. 767778 If the decision-makers cannot reach consensus after authentically deliberating on a proposal, then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule. edit bow Radical democracy is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society.Democracys role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference, objection and antagonisms in decision making processes. edit Ideal forms edit comprehensive Main article Inclusive Democracy Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political childbed that aims for direct democracy in all fields of social life political democracy in the form of personal assemblies which are confederated, economic democracy in a stateless, moneyless and marketless economy, democracy in the social realm, i. . self-management in places of work and education, and bionomic democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature. The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher Takis Fotopoulos in Towards An Inclusive Democracy and was further developed in the journal Democracy & Nature and its successor The global Journal of Inclusive Democracy. The basic unit of decision making in an inclusive democracy is the Demotic assembly, i. e. he assembly of demos, the citizen body in a given geographical area which may encompass a town and the surrounding villages, or even neighbourhoods of large cities. An inclusive democracy today can only take the form of a confederal democracy that is based on a network of administrative councils whose members or delegates are elected from popular face-to-face democratic assemblies in the various demoi. Thus, their role is rigorously administrative and practical, not one of policy-making like that of representatives in representative democracy.The citizen body is advised by experts but it is the citizen body which functions as the ultimate decision-taker . authorisation can be delegated to a segment of the citizen body to carry out specific duties, for example to serve as members of popular courts, or of regional and confederal councils. much(prenominal) delegation is made, in principle, by lot, on a rotation basis, and is always recallable by the citizen body. Delegates to regional and confederal bodies should have specific mandates. edit