How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay ONE SHOT ONE KILL is how Sniper Gun works. The term Sniper was first used in 1824 in the sense of word Sharpshooter. The main purpose of this gun is to destroy valuable targets at extended range. In most of the cases, target means human beings (enemy soldiers, armed terrorists and criminals). The range of such weapon is between 100 to 1000 meters and it is especially used in military and special operations. Basically there are three types of sniper rifles: Military, Police/Law Enforcement and Special Task Sniper Rifles. Some of the best Snipers in world are M24, USA; Dragunav SVD, Russian; Heckler and Koch XM-8, Germany and Vidhwansak AMR, Indian. Main objective of this review is to provide an insight about types of sniper guns, their construction, mechanism and how we can make them better using Laser, Infra red, GPS system, Sniper detectors and Laser guided bullets to make sniper a complete solution for Army. Introduction It has been hundred years now and Sniper is still the favorite toy of Army. This is because of the design and capabilities of this weapon system and specialized scopes, butt stocks and bipod arrangements making sniper more dangerous. However, proper training and experience can differentiate sniper from true sharp shooter men. Sniper is now the ultimate finisher, a true modern-day ninja which makes its own way few miles away. Sniper rifles come in a powerful array of automatic and bolt-action styles and makes. Most of the snipers are modified with specialized telescopic sights offering the best in accuracy-inducing ergonomics. Sniper rifles have more recently been fielded in the highly-lethal point fifty calibers round which is capable of penetrating engine blocks and can left the human bodies covered in body armor. It is the best soldier as it has unique advanced in recoil, specialized ammunition and highly technical sight. Usually have this image of a sniper working alone behind ene my lines, a sniper is only made better by the use of a spotter and together they make a sniper team following the target through his own scope and calling out adjustments in trajectory and wind age as needed. This working in unison provides a most powerful and lethally hidden element to any war. Consequently, it does not take too much experience to be trained in being a sniper type element on the opposite side. It then becomes a case of the hunter becoming the hunted [1]. History of Sniper Use of Sniper goes back to as early as Sixteenth Century; snipers first victim was Takeda Shingen in Japan. In Britain Sir Lord Brooke, senior parliamentarian was killed during English Civil War by sniper. Similarly this weapon was also used in American War OF Revolution. The first Rifle Regiments was formed by British Army during Napoleonic War. Use of such weapon than started becoming the need of army as it was highly accurate and was modified easily according to its need. During American Civil War US Sharp shooters who were trained under Colonel Hiram Berdnam killed more enemy than any other Union Army with their point fifty two caliber sniper rifle. In the same war Sg.Ben Powell sniped Major General John Sedgwick at a distance of 798 yd during battle of Spotsylvania Court House. This weapon was then used for assassinations due to its high range aim by criminals. Twentieth century changed the outlook of sniper. These guns were the main weapons in WORLD WAR I and II. Junior Lieuten ant Vasily Zaytsev (World War II) credited of killing 225 German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad. Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock has achieved 93 confirmed kills but believed to also have over 200 unconfirmed kills in Vietnam War. He held the record of longest confirmed kill at a distance of 2,250  m (2,460  yd) (made with a scoped M2 Browning machine gun) for 35 years until 2002. Canadian soldier Corporal Rob Furlong, formerly of (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) holds the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430  m (2,657  yd) using a point fifty caliber (12.7  mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle. Boon of science and technology has changed the outlook of Military Weapons and these weapons are transforming to new level by every birth [2, 3]. Basic Construction Main parts of sniper gun Main parts of sniper gun are: Barrel and Receiver Bolt with Bolt Support Safety Lever Assembly Magazine Butt Upper Band Assembly Hand Guard L.H.Assembly Hand Guard R.H.Assembly Sight Leaf Assembly Front-Sight Base and Body Assembly These can be further divide into various parts which are shown in Figure 1 and enlisted in Table 1 [4]. Figure.1 Table 1: Various parts of sniper gun Sr no Components Sr no Components 1 Bolt Support 21 Front Sight Body 2 Firing Pin 22 Front 3 Cover 23 Pusher 4 Guiding Rod 24 Front Sight Base 5 Guiding Bushing 25 Barrel 6 Bolt 26 Upper Band Assembly 7 Extractor Pin 27 Band Axle Pin 8 Firing Pin Stud 28 Oil Seal Assembly 9 Extractor Spring 29 Hand Guard 10 Extractor 30 Upper Band with Spring 11 Return Spring 31 Magazine Body Assembly 12 Sight Leaf Slide 32 Magazine Spring 13 Sight Leaf 33 Magazine Cover 14 Hand Guard, L.H 34 Sight Leaf Assembly 15 Pusher Spring 35 Follower 16 Gas Tube Latch 36 Receiver 17 Gas Chamber 37 Accidental Shot Safety Device 18 Gas Piston 38 Firing Trigger Mechanism 19 Gas Tube 39 Cover Axle Pin 20 Gas Regulator 40 Butt Assembly MECHANISM OF WORKING Sniper mainly works on the following mechanism: a. Firing and Trigger Mechanism b. Cover and Retracting Mechanism Working of Sniper is very simple and basic; it is a self reloading weapon. This reloading depends upon the energy obtained from powder gas which arc channeled from barrel bore to piston gas. Upon firing, a certain amount of the powder gases following the bullet flows through the port in the barrel bore wall into the gas chamber, exerts pressure upon the front wall of the gas piston and throws back the piston with pusher and, consequently, the bolt support into the rearward position. As the bolt support travels rearward, the bolt opens the barrel bore; the Cartridge case gets removed from the cartridge chamber and ejected out of the receiver. The bolt support compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer; i.e. engages it with the auto-safety cocking cam. The bolt support and the bolt return to the front position under the action of the retracting mechanism; as a result, the bolt feeds the next cartridge from the magazine into the cartridge chamber and closes the barrel bore, whil e the bolt support disengages the auto-safety sear from the hammer. The hammer gets cocked. The bolt gets locked, after it has been turned to the left and its locking lugs engaged with recesses of the receiver. To fire a shot, it is necessary to release the trigger and press it anew. After the trigger has been released, the rod modes forward and its hook engage the sear and, if pressed, the rod hook turns the sear and disengages it from the hammer cocking cam. The hammer actuated by the mainspring turns round its pin and strikes the firing pin. The latter travels forward and impinges the primer. Thus, a shot is fired. With the last cartridge fired and the bolt returned to the rearward position, the magazine follower lifts the bolt catch; the latter engages the bolt to stop the bolt support in the rearward position. Thus, it is necessary to load the rifle anew. The rifle has a gas regulator, which serves to change recoil speeds of moving parts. Under conditions of proper servicing with the parts lubricated, the gas regulator is set at division a. On firing during a long time without cleaning and lubricating and heavy soiling of the rifle, stoppage may occur incomplete recoil of the moving parts. In this case the regulator is set at division. b. To change the regulator from one positions to another use the rim of the cartridge case or the cartridge [4]. PRESENT SENARIO OF SNIPER Science and Technology has lead to the development of new prototype advance weapon system. Some of the best snipers with their specifications in the world are given in Table 2. Table 2: Comparison of different types of Sniper guns [5-58]. Name Of Sniper Gun Type In Service Variants Weight Action Effective Range Feed System Istiglal Anti-Material Rifle(5-13) Anti-materiel rifle 2008-present 12.7x108mm 44.0 lbs (20.0 kg) Recoil-operated, rotating bolt 3,000  m (9,843  ft) 10-round detachable box magazine FAMAE FD-200(14) Designated Marksman Rifle 2000-present NA 5.10  kg Gas operated 800 m SIG 542 compatible magazines 7.62 Tkiv 85 (15) Sniper rifle 1984-present NA 7  kg (15.4  lb) Bolt action 800  m (875  yd) 5-round magazine, loaded with 5-round charger clips Accuracy International Arctic Warfare (16) Sniper rifle 1982-present NA 6.5  kg (14.3  lb) Bolt-action 850  m/s (2,790  ft/s) 10-round detachable box magazine Accuracy International AS50(16) Anti-materiel rifle, Sniper rifle 2006-present 1 AS50 27 lb (12.2 kg) Direct impingement 1,500 m 5 or 10 round detachable box JNG-90 (17-20) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA NA Rotating bolt 1000 m NA KNT-308(21) Sniper rifle 2008-presnt NA NA bolt action 1000+ m 5-round detachable box AMP Technical Services DSR-1(23-27) Bolt action rifle 2000-presnet DSR-1 Subsonic (7.62x51mm NATO) 5.9  kg (unloaded) without scope) Bolt-action 800  m -875  yd 5 round detachable box magazine Brà ¼gger Thomet APR(28) Sniper rifle 2005-present APR308P, APR308S, APR338 7.1-8.2kg Bolt-action, manually operated 1000-1038 yd 10-round detachable box magazine Armalite AR-50(29) Bolt action rifle 1997-1999 Armalite AR-30 (smaller caliber) 15.5kg Bolt action NA 1 bullet AWC G2 (30-31) Sniper Rifle 1990s-present G2, G2A, G2FA NA Gas-Operated, rotating bolt NA 20 round magazines Barrett M82 (32) Anti-materiel rifle 1989-present M82A1, M82A1A, M82A1M, M82A2, M82A3, M107 13.5-14kg Recoil-operated, rotating bolt 1,800  m (5,906  ft) 10-round detachable box magazine Blaser 93 Tactical (33) Sniper rifle 1993-present Blaser LRS 2 Blaser Tactical 2 5kg Bolt action NA 5-rounds detachable box magazine Bor rifle (34) Sniper rifle 2007-present Alex Tactical Sport Alex-338 6.1kg Bolt- action 800m 10-round detachable box magazine CheyTac Intervention (35) Sniper rifle 2001-present NA 14kg Turn bolt 2000m 7-round detachable box CZ 700 sniper rifle(36) Sniper rifle NA 6.2kg Bolt Action NA 10-round detachable box C3A1 (37-39) Sniper rifle 1972-2003 NA 7.2kg Manually operated bolt action 800m 5 round detachable box Timberwolf (40) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 7.1kg Manually operated bolt action 1500m 5 round detachable box Desert Tactical Arms Stealth Recon Scout(41) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA 5.2-5.6kg Bolt action NA 5-7 round detachable box WKW Wilk(42) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 16.1kg Manually operated rotary bolt action 3000m 7 round detachable box VKS Sniper(43) Sniper rifle 2002-present NA 7kg NA 600m 5 round detachable box United States Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle(44) Sniper rifle 2001-present NA 4.0-4.5kg Gas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic 600-800m 5,10, and 20 round detachable box United States Navy Mark 12 Mod X Special Purpose Rifle(45-47) Sniper rifle 2002-present 4.5kg Gas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic 600 yards 20 or 30 round STANAG magazine United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle (48) Sniper rifle 2004-present NA 4.5kg Gas-operated (direct impingement) 660yard 20 or 30 detachable box T93 sniper rifle(49) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 5kg Bolt action Over 800m 5 round internal magazine M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System (50-52) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA 6.5kg Gas-operated, rotating bolt 1000m 10 or 20 detachable box Heckler Koch HK417 (53) Battle rifle NA Assaulter Recce (16 barrel standard and accurized) Sniper (20 barrel accurized 3.87-4.23kg Gas-operated, rotating bolt NA 10 or 20 detachable box FN Special Police Rifle (54) Sniper rifle 2004-present A1, A1a, A2, A4, A3 G, A5 M 4.9-7.5kg Bolt action NA 7.6251 mm (.308 Winchester):4-round detachable box magazine or 5-round internal box magazine .300 Winchester Short Magnum: 3-round internal box magazine Dragunov SVU (55) Sniper rifle 1994-present SVU-A 3.6kg Gas operated, rotating bolt NA 10 or 20-round detachable box magazine Vidhwansak Anti Material0 Rifle (56-57) Anti-material rifle 2007-present NA 25kg Manual bolt action 1800m Magazine ADVANCEMENTS IN SNIPER Sniper Location Gunshot Detection Systems Snipers have become the second greatest cause of fatalities in combat in present wars. Troops are often most vulnerable in stationary environments, such as when on perimeter or a Forward Operation Base (FOB). Until recently, sniper detection and location systems were employed primarily on vehicular and static installations, when manning guard towers, or out at mobile checkpoints. Two versions of gunshot locators were discussed here. Both are being addressed by the US military, in an attempt to improve response effectiveness and reduce vulnerability to attacks by sniper and small arms ambushes. Gunshot locators also improve the war fighters situational understanding in emergency situations, particularly when responding to ambush situations. The Boomerang acoustic shooter detection system was developed by BBN to provide warning over sniper threats. Today, over 1,000 Boomerang systems are operational worldwide and procurement of 8,000 additional systems is currently underway. Initially, the system was installed on vehicles, but the most recent enhancements, a static installation kit and portable system, complements the Boomerang to cover more modes of operation. Boomerang automatically provides immediate indication of hostile fire or sniper attacks and localizes the shooters position, allowing rapid, informed and coordinated response. The system can be installed on an individual vehicle (manned or unmanned), at a checkpoint, or be scaled up for full perimeter security of a forward operating base. The ability to identify insurgent firing locations quickly eliminates random patrol deployments and exposure to unknown hostile fire. (Figure)[58]. The static installation kit is contained in a man-portable package, providing rapid installation in temporary or fixed sites. It is equipped with interfacing, to enable interoperability with remote weapon stations and EO/IR sensors currently fielded in theater. Furthermore, several Boomerang sensors can be integrated and networked, to provide better and more precise coverage of fixed sites. Gunshot alerts can be integrated and presented into situational awareness pictures, such as the Blue Force Tracking. Acoustic processing is not the only solution for gunshot detection. Gunshot signature can be identified, located and processed even faster using electro-optical means. Two Israeli systems are providing such capabilities Rafaels Spotlight M and IAI/Eltas Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) are sensors-based and a Transient Event Detection (TED) system, developed by a new subsidiary called OptigO. They are designed to cover a wide area, triggering an instant alarm and threat location when a si ngle shot is fired [58]. LASER Guided Bullet A small caliber laser-guided bullet having a self-contained guidance system is disclosed including on-board laser sensors and navigational circuits capable of detecting a laser target signature, determining the deviation of the bullet from an optimum projectory along which the bullet would impact a hostile target, and generating an electrical signal to piezo electric steering control surfaces to effect a change in the course of the bullet. The guided bullet utilizes a plurality of symmetrically arranged laser sensor elements which are positioned about a longitudinal axis of the bullet. The laser sensor elements function to transmit optical radiation from the laser target beam to photo detector elements housed within the bullet. The electrical signals from the photo detector elements are then amplified and processed by semiconductor logic circuits to produce the functions required by the steering control surfaces to translate the bullet to the optimum trajectory. Electrical power for the guidance system is provided by a miniature lithium polymer battery which is interconnected with the navigational circuits to produce the functions of the system. The guided bullet is fired from a precision, smooth bore weapon using a conventional expanding gas cartridge and is effective at ranges up to 3,000 meters and beyond. A bullet guidance system for guiding an in-flight bullet along an optimum trajectory along which said bullet would impact a laser identified target, said system comprising: laser beam detecting means contained within said bullet and being capable of receiving laser beam energy reflected from said target and converting said energy to electrical impulses; logic circuit means contained within said bullet having means therein responsive to receipt of said impulses for determining the deviation of said bullet from said optimum trajectory and for generating corrective signals in response to said impulses; steering control means having means therein responsive to said corrective signals in a manner to actuate said steering control means so as to deflect air flow about said bullet, said control means including at least deployable flap means being outwardly extensible from said bullet to deflect air flow about said bullet to impart a correctional momentum to translate said bullet to said optimum trajectory, said bullet being fired from a precision, smooth-bored weapon thereby not imparting axial spin to said bullet in the manner of a rifle; and power supply means contained within said bullet being inter connectable to said logic circuit and said steering control means to provide sufficient electrical power to produce the functions required by said system [59]. 6.3 Next-Generation Cant-Miss Snipers Snipers are already deadly accurate, pinpointing targets from a thousand meters away and more.   But a heavy crosswind can throw off even the surest shot.  This is why the military has started a largely-secret, crash program to build laser gun sights that compensate for the environment giving snipers lethal precision at 2000 meters range, in winds up to 40 miles per hour.   If it works out as planned, Defense Department researchers think the scopes will boost a snipers kill-rate by ten-fold, or more, and let snipers engage and pull the trigger in less than one second. Today, the agency notes, a 10mph wind could produce a miss even at 400 meters while in other cases the deviation could be much worse, exceeding 3 meters at 1200 meters range. The first method (to grossly, grossly oversimplify), is to shoot out a series of thousands of laser pulses, creating a profile of the eddies in the local atmosphere as the light bounces back.   The second involves using use a high-speed cam era to take an image of the target.  The eddies distort the phase of the light in that picture.   The scope, through a series of algorithms, can take those into account for the sniper team. Algorithms for the second approach have already been developed and field tested at University of Marylands Intelligent Optics Laboratory, Pentagon documents show, helping target objects 2300 meters away [60]. Super Sniper: Next Wars Secret Weapon Its probably not the game changing, secret weapon of the war. But it could help win the next one: a stealth sniper scope for invisible assassination.   Battles are increasingly about taking out a few select enemies, not large numbers of foes. Such device allows you to locate, target and kill a subject. Heat haze ordinarily throws off snipers. But SRVS changes heat haze from an obstruction into a means of enhancing the view. An effect called turbulence induced micro lensing means that every instant the heated air acts as a series of lenses; at a given moment you may be able to look right through them and see a magnified view of the scene beyond. The trick is to use digital technology to identify the lucky regions or lucky frames when a clear view appears and assemble them into a complete picture. The end result is a portable device 35 centimeters long and weighing two kilogram with an unprecedented capability. This sniper scope can beat the diffraction limit, which defines the best that any other optical device can do in conditions of severe heat haze, no less. Specifically, the SRVS will be good enough to positively ID individuals at sniping range: a. With an aperture not to exceed 6 cm, demonstrate that full scale facial images meeting ANSI INCITS 385-2004 can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km (representing a 3x improvement over current performance). b. Demonstrate better-than-diffraction-limited super-resolution imaging at a speed of not less than 1 Hz where human subjects moving at 1 m/s can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km. The spooky aspect of the SRVS is that even if the target is looking right at you, they wont see a thing because of the heat haze. A sniper using one of these will be a truly invisible assassin, with the ideal technology for picking off high-value targets. The prototype is supposed to be ready for early 2011, with finished units being delivered to Special Operations units in 2011 end. There are currently a number of anti-sniper systems (a.k.a. sniper detection systems, a.k.a. gunfire detection systems) that have been designed and developed for use by military infantry personnel [61]. CONCLUSION Sniper is the term of excellence in the Army. Howitzers accurately fire in excess of 28 kilometers, tanks kill out to four kilometers, helicopters gunship missiles kill out to eight kilometers. The maximum range of infantry small arms engagements, however, has shrunk significantly over the past century. Some of the standard infantry rifles of World Wars I and II had sights that ranged out to more than 2,000 yards (1800 meters), and infantry soldiers trained to engage area targets even out to those ranges. But with the adoption of the smaller caliber, higher velocity .223 bullets as the infantry standard for many nations, the maximum training and hence effective range of infantry small arms has dropped off to 300 meters or less. Such advancements can give rebirth to new definition of Sniper which will change the whole outlook, and rest will be HISTORY. Such sniper will able to detect, blow the target well beyond 3000 meter range and will be most effective in counter terrorism. Thus we can prevent another 26/11- Mumbai attacks and save life of innocents.

Salem Telephone Company – Essay

Salem Telephone Company 1. ) Variable and Fixed Costs The variable costs that Salem Data Services incurs with respect to revenue hours are power usage and hourly personnel wages. Power usage is a variable cost because the monthly power expense changes as a result of how much of the computer service is used. The hourly personnel wages are a variable cost as well because hourly workers are required to work when the computer service is operational. The revenue hours change each month and this causes the hourly workers salary to change too.The fixed costs, with respect to revenue hours, are rent and custodial services for the space that is leased by Salem Data Services as well as the computer leases, maintenance, depreciation of the computer equipment and the depreciation of the office equipment and fixtures. Other fixed costs include the salaried staff in charge of operations, the salaried staff that are in charge of the systems development and maintenance, the administration staff and the sales staff, which are also salaried. These are all fixed costs because they stay the same each month and are not affected by the change in revenue hours each month.The last two fixed costs are sales promotion and corporate services. Sales promotion is considered a fixed cost because the expense is not related to the current level of work. This cost was determined by the managers’ estimation of how much they needed to spend in order to acquire new clients. Corporate services are also considered a fixed cost because they not related to the level of work or monthly revenue hours that are generated. Exhibit 1A on the attached worksheet shows the variable and fixed cost breakdown for each month. 2. ) Cost Per Revenue HourFor the power variable cost, the cost per revenue hour is found by taking the power expense for each month and dividing it by the total revenue hours for each month. For January, the power expense is $1,546 and the total revenue hours are 329. The cost per re venue hour is $4. 70 ($1,546/329). For February, the power expense is $1,485 and the total revenue hours are 316. The cost per revenue is $4. 70 as well ($1,485/316). For March, the power expense is $1,697 and the total revenue hours are 361. Cost per revenue is again $4. 70 ($1,697/361).For the hourly personnel, the steps taken above are used to compute the cost per revenue. For January, the hourly personnel wages are $7,896 and the total revenue hours are 329. The cost per revenue hour is $24 ($7,896/329). In February, the hourly personnel wages are $7,584 and total revenue hours are 316. The cost per revenue hour is again $24 ($7,584/316). Finally in March, the hourly personnel wages are $8,664 and the total revenue hours are 361. The cost per revenue hour comes out to be $24 ($8,664/361). The total cost per revenue hour for each is $28. 0 and this is computed by adding the cost per revenue hour for the power expense and the hourly personnel together. These calculations can be fo und in Exhibit 2A on the attached worksheet. 3. ) Contribution Margin Income Statement Exhibit 3A on the attached worksheet shows the contribution margin income statement for Salem Data Services when Salem Telephone usage is 205 hours and the commercial usage is at the March level of 138 hours. The total sales are $192,400 of which $82,000 belongs to sales made from Salem Telephone at a $400 sales price and $110,400 of this belongs to commercial usage at a sales price of $800.The total variable costs are $9,844. 10. This was found by taking the total cost per revenue hour of $28. 70 and multiplying it by the total revenue hours, which were 343 (205+138). The contribution margin is $182,555. 90. This was determined by taking the total sales of $192,400 and subtracting out the variable costs of $9,844. 10. To get the net income, the total fixed costs of $212,939 are subtracted from the contribution margin, which produces a loss of ($30,383. 10). 4. ) Breakeven Point In order for Salem Data Services to breakeven each month, they will need to produce roughly 178 hours.Exhibit 4A on the attached worksheet shows the equation and calculation for the breakeven point. The equation for breakeven point is total sales equals total cost (variable and fixed). The total sales for Salem Data Services was the intracompany sales of $82,000 (205 hours X $800) plus the commercial sales of $800(X). The (X) represents the amount of unknown commercial hours that we are trying to find. The total costs are the cost per revenue hour of $28. 70 multiplied by both the 205 intracompany hours and the unknown commercial hours (X) plus the fixed costs of $212,939.The breakeven point is 40 more hours than Salem Data Services sold in March. Overall, from January to March, the amount of commercial hours sold has increased, but in small increments. Salem Data could reach this breakeven point in a future month if their hours continue to increase, but they will be susceptible to an increase in the ir variable costs and an increase in a couple of their fixed costs, such as sales promotion and corporate services. 5. ) Income Effect Estimation In option 1, Flores has suggested that Wu increase the price to commercial customers from $800 to $1,000.He projects that this will decrease demand by 30%. If this were to occur, the net income would be a loss of ($42,995). Exhibit 5A on the attached worksheet illustrates how this number was determined. Total sales were $178,600, variable costs were $8,656, and fixed costs were $212,939. When the variable fixed costs were subtracted from the total sales, this produced the loss mentioned above. Option 1 would not be a viable option for Salem Data Services because it still produces a negative net income.In option 2, Flores suggested that Wu decrease the price to $600 for commercial customers. Making this change is projected to increase demand by 30%. In this projection, net income will still be a loss of ($34,331). Exhibit 5B illustrates how this number was determined. Total Sales were $189,640, variable costs were $11,032, and fixed costs were $212,939. After the variable and fixed costs were subtracted from the total sales, the effect was a loss. Option 2 would also not be a viable option for Salem Data Services because again it still produces a negative net income.In option 3, Flores has suggested to Wu that increased promotion would increase revenue by 30%, but Wu is not sure how much promotion would be needed. To find how much promotion would be needed, we calculated the effect of the 30% increase. The price in this option remained at $800 for commercial customers. Exhibit 5C illustrates this. The total sales were $225,520, variable costs remained the same as in option 2 of $11,032, and fixed costs were still $212,939. When the variable and fixed costs were subtracted from the total sales, this produced a positive net income of $1,549.Wu should increase the sales promotion expense by this amount to generate positi ve income. This, however, is contingent upon the demand increasing by 30%. 6. ) Based on my analysis, Salem Data Services is a problem to Salem Telephone Company right now because even with a price increase or a demand increase, the company will still produce a loss. If Flores were to close down Salem Data Services, he would save Salem Telephone Company the following costs: Rent| $8,000| Maintenance| $5,400| Power| $1,697| Operations: Salaried Staff| $21,600| Operations: Hourly Personnel| $8,664|Systems Development and Maintenance| $12,000| Administration| $9,000| Sales| $11,200| Sales Promotion| $8,083| Total| $85,644| The custodial services and the expenses for the equipment and depreciation are not included in this list because the custodial services were based on an estimated annual cost per square foot and will still have to be paid for the remaining months of the year. The leases for are noncancelable and will still have to be paid until the lease period is up. The depreciatio n will also still occur while Salem Telephone has the equipment in their possession.Moreover, I did not include the corporate services in this list because I assume that Salem Telephone will still have to collect some accounts receivable and will still try to collect on past-due accounts, even after Salem Data Services is closed. Furthermore, if Flores decides to shut down Salem Data Services, he will have to outsource his computer services to another company and pay the market price of $800 instead of $400, which is currently being paid to Salem Data Services. If Salem Telephone were to use the 205 hours as estimated previously, then the company would have to pay $164,000 (205 hours X $800) monthly to another ompany. This means that Salem Telephone would end up paying $78,356 ($164,000-$85,644) more to another company rather than keeping Salem Data Services in business. My recommendation to Flores would be to keep Salem Data Services open. I believe as Wu does that given time, the company will start to generate a profit. In the meantime, Flores should have Wu keep the price of commercial usage at $800, but try to increase demand by 30% to at least breakeven each month. Once this occurs, then Wu should increase sales promotion to try to obtain more customers and increase commercial usage.

Tips in Casino Games

How would you like to win at blackjack? Keep reading if you are interested in gaining some valuable advice from a retired dealer, if not turn to the home gardening page. Blackjack is one of the most popular games played at the casino because it is a game where the player can have an edge over the house. Basically, the object of the game is to beat the dealer. Having a hand with a value higher than the dealer or having a legal hand while the dealer busts does this. The player must know some basic strategies and procedures in order to have an edge over the house. The process starts before entering the casino; however, the principal procedures are carried out while at the table. Some strategies and procedures include money management, picking the right table and counting cards. Money management is as important as playing strategies. This process starts at home and finishes when the night is over. Firstly, a player should determine how much money to bring to the casino. A good rule is to multiply the average bet by 25; this allows for at least 25 hands. This is important because blackjack is a game that fluctuates with highs and lows, but in the long run, with good strategies, the edge is in the favor of the player. Also a loss limit can be set beforehand. The loss limit is the amount of money that a player will lose before quitting the game. Usually the loss limit is set to the initial amount, but should never be set at more than that. When at the table, money management is also important. There are two simple rules: leave if the money doubles and leave if the money is lost. Try to double the initial amount and if this is done, leave. It has been a good night. However if the initial amount is lost or the loss limit is reached, leave. Never get more money to play with because this generally leads to more losing and more emotional distress. Management over emotions and money will lead to success at the table. Picking the right table may determine whether winning or losing occurs. When arriving at the casino, do not play right away. Study the tables, the players and the dealers. Study all the anchors; that are the players who receive the last hand. More skilled players usual play this position. Having a good anchorman is invaluable because his/her moves determine the dealer†s hand. A good anchorman will save the table regardless of his/her own hand. Also study the other players at the table. Ignorant players can affect the shoe by making a bad move or decision. Lastly the dealer should be examined. Observe the speed at which the dealer deals the cards. Slower dealers will allow card counting, which will be explained in the next section, to be done more easily. Picking the right table can help increase the odds of winning at blackjack. More advanced players count cards to win at blackjack. Card counting is basically keeping track of the cards that have been dealt. This procedure is executed while playing at the table that has been chosen. This is the strategy used by Dustin Hoffman†s character while playing blackjack in the movie The Rain Man. His character uses card counting to his advantage to help a friend win a considerable amount of money. Advanced card counting is difficult to explain and difficult to employ; however, less advanced card counting is more straightforward and still useful. At the start of the shoe, count the number of face cards and aces, which have been dealt. There are 64 face cards and 16 aces in a shoe with four decks. By counting the card, the player has a better idea of what the next card will be. If a large proportion of face cards and aces are dealt at the beginning, the rest of the shoe is unfavorable. As a result lower the bet. If there are more face cards and aces towards the end of the shoe, then the upcoming hands are more favorable and this in turn increases the bet. Card counting is simple to learn with practice yet it is extremely powerful. Money management, picking the right table and counting cards are strategies that can help the player win at blackjack. Independent, each procedure can help improve the chance of winning but collectively, these strategies can give the player the winning edge. Following these easy to learn tips I present, you are on the road to winning at the game of blackjack, but remember this advice I give to you sincerely, do not forget to tip the dealers!

Banks 4 Mat Review Essay - 1288 Words

LIBERTY UNIVERSITY A REVIEW OF REVIEWING LEADERSHIP BY ROBERT BANKS AND BERNICE LEDBETTER SUBMITTED TO DR. DANIEL MOOSBRUGGER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF LEADERSHIP 510 BY HENRY TOLBERT GRAMBLING, LA NOVEMBER 2, 1014 ABSTRACT Robert Banks and Bernice M. Ledbetter believe the subject of leadership to be one worth exploring, and they do so in their book much to our profit. In this short book, Banks and Ledbetter begin by presenting the overall question they want to answer: Do Christians core convictions shape their views and practices of leadership or are they affected by wider cultural assumptions? [1]The book begins by exploring the many reasons for the increased interest in leadership today. The authors offer a plethora†¦show more content†¦In these chapters Banks and Ledbetter draw attention to the raw spiritual, theological, and religious concepts of leadership. Here the authors conduct a case study of a significant author of leadership material, Stephen Covey. It is revealed that many readers are influenced by his Mormon faith without truly understanding or discerning the undertones.[3] This continues with an exploration of other perceived authorities on the topic of leadership. One such stu dy is of Laura Beth Jones, an woman writer with increasing influence as it relates to leadership. Chapter five addresses how to translate practices of leadership into individual context through the use of three basic yet important values: faithfulness, integrity, and a servant-like attitude. Exploration of these three traits is undergirder with discussion of authors such as Robert Greenleaf. He is one of many leaders who brought into popular leadership thinking the idea of ‘servant leadership’.The book closes by offering examples in the form of case-studies. These studies provide deeper insight into the foundational qualities of successful leaders over the span of several years and many different context. This offers the reader a broader view of leadership by showing its success in many different forms and context. CONCRETE RESPONSE While reading through each chapter I was challenged to consider the conflicts I have faced that came as the result of lacking a manager to accompany my leadership. As a pastor,Show MoreRelated4 MAT Book Review Banks And Ledbetter 2134 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿LEADERSHIP FROM A CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE A 4-MAT Book Review of Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches by Robert Banks and Bernice M. Ledbetter Presented to Prof. Daniel Austin Liberty University LEAD 510 by Thomas V. Montgomery, III, Ed.D. 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